Best smoke alarms 2024: Which? Best Buys and expert buying advice

We put smoke alarms and heat alarms through rigorous tests in accordance with the British Standard to find the best and safest for your home.

Smoke alarms need to sound quickly when they detect smoke – and heat alarms should be prompt to alert you when they sense heat rising. 

Our research shows that you can find a quick-to-sound, reliable smoke or heat alarm for around £20. But our tests have also uncovered some models that

don't do the job.

The best smoke alarms from our tests   

Only logged-in Which? members can view the smoke alarm test results below.       

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The smoke alarms we tested 

All the smoke alarms we we tested are listed in alphabetical order below.

Only logged-in Which? members can view the best smoke alarms from our tests.

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Aico Ei3016 Optical Smoke Alarm 

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Most recently tested June 2021

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, this alarm can be linked with other smoke and heat alarms

Aico Ei650RF RadioLINK+ Battery Optical Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2022

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, this alarm can be linked with other smoke and heat alarms

Aico Ei3024 Multi-Sensor Fire Alarm (Smoke)

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Most recently tested June 2022

Battery type Mains powered

Need to know Contains smoke and heat alarm sensors, can be linked with other related alarms, comes with a back-up 10-year battery

Aico Ei660iRF RadioLINK+ Multi-Sensor Fire Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2024

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, interlinked and can work in a circuit with other Aico smoke and heat alarms

FireAngel SB1-R Optical Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2020

Battery type Disposable batteries

Need to know Standalone smoke alarm, batteries will need replacing annually, not suitable if you live in Scotland

FireAngel ST-750 10-Year Multi‑Sensor Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2018

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, standalone alone alarm, not suitable for homes in Scotland

FireAngel FP1640W2-R Pro Connected Smart Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2021

Battery type Sealed

Need to know Can be linked with related FireAngel smoke and heat alarms, 10-year battery

Best carbon monoxide detectors: see which CO alarms were effective and reliable in our tough lab tests

FireAngel FP2620W2-R Pro Connected Smart Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2024

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, can be connected to related FireAngel smoke and heat alarms

Yale AL-SS-1A-V1 Smoke Sensor 

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Most recently tested June 2024

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, can be connected to related FireAngel smoke and heat alarms.

Fireangel SW1-R Optical Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2019

Battery type Mains powered

Need to know Can be linked to other FireAngel smoke and heat alarms, comes with a back-up battery

Firehawk FHB10W Optical Wireless Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2022

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, can be linked to other Firehawk smoke and heat alarms

Nest Protect Smoke + CO Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2024

Battery type there is a mains version and a model that uses disposable batteries.

Need to know Smoke and CO alarm, smart (wi-fi connected), your phone sounds when it detects smoke, 10-year sensor lifetime

Kidde 10SCO Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2018

Battery type Disposable batteries

Need to know Smoke and CO alarm, can't be linked with other alarms

Kidde 2SFW Interconnectable Optical Smoke Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2019

Battery type Mains powered

Need to know Can be linked with other Kidde smoke and heat alarms, comes with a back-up battery 

Netamo NSD01 Smart Smoke Alarm   

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Most recently tested June 2024

Battery type Sealed

Need to know 10-year battery, smart (wi-fi connected), alerts will sound on your phone when the alarm sounds, can't be linked to other alarms and not suitable for homes in Scotland

The best heat alarms from our tests

Only logged-in Which? members can view the smoke alarm test results below . 

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The best heat alarms from our tests

Only logged-in Which? members can view the smoke alarm test results below.       

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Aico Ei603RF RadioLINK+ Battery Heat Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2018

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Sealed battery

Need to know 10-year battery, 12 alarms can be connected in one system, large test/hush button, suitable for homes in Scotland

Aico Ei3024 Multi-Sensor Fire Alarm (Heat) 

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Most recently tested June 2022

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Mains powered

Need to know Comes with a 10-year back-up battery, links to other Aico alarms, 10-year guarantee, suitable for homes in Scotland

 Aico Ei3014 Heat Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2021

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Mains powered

Need to know Interlinkable and suitable for homes in Scotland, mains powered with a sealed back-up battery, 10-year guarantee

Firehawk FHH10W Wireless Heat Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2022

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Sealed battery

Need to know 10-year battery, seven-year alarm warranty, large test button, suitable for homes in Scotland

FireAngel FP1740W2-R Pro Connected Kitchen Heat Alarm 

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Most recently tested June 2021

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Sealed battery

Need to know 10-year battery, seven-year warranty, interlinkable with up to 15 other alarms, suitable for homes in Scotland

Kidde Firex KF30 Interconnectable Heat Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2021

Standalone or interlinked  Interlinked

Power source Mains powered

Need to know Comes with a 9V back-up battery,  can be connected to more than 20 Kidde alarms, suitable for homes in Scotland, six-year warranty

 Hispec HSA/BH/RF10-PRO Heat Alarm

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Most recently tested June 2022

Standalone or interlinked Interlinked

Power source Sealed battery

Need to know Can be connected to up to 20 other Hispec alarms, suitable for homes in Scotland, 10-year battery

Which? Don’t Buy smoke alarms and heat alarms 

Buying the right smoke alarm could be one of your best decisions – it won't cost the earth to do this, but it could save your life. The Don't Buy alarms featured in the two photos here are to be avoided as none were able to detect smoke reliably in our tests, and in many cases they failed to sound in any of our eight smoke detection tests.

Eight of the nine Don't Buy smoke alarms were bought through online marketplaces and are unbranded, or came branded with the name of the online seller we bought them from. So if you have an alarm that looks like any of those featured, replace it with an alarm from a recognised brand available on the high street or through a well-known retailer's websites. 

When buying smoke alarms, heat alarms and carbon monoxide alarms, our research shows that it's best to avoid cheap, unbranded products from online marketplaces, as all those we tested went on to fail some or all of our detection tests. 

How we test smoke alarms and heat alarms

We test smoke and heat alarms to British test standards in lab conditions to find the alarms that will sound every time you need them to. 

Smoke alarm tests are carried out to extracts from the smoke alarm devices standard BS EN 14604. Heat alarm tests are carried out to elements of the BS EN 5446-2:2003 standard, fire detection and fire alarm devices for dwellings. 

Smoke alarm tests  

• Smoke detection tests We test with four different test fires, fuelled by cotton, wood, solvents and plastics. We test every model of smoke alarm in each fire scenario twice.
• Detecting smoke every time Smoke alarms need to detect smoke and sound the alarm promptly before our test chamber becomes too smoky.
• Sound test We run a sound test to measure the noise emitted by the alarm when it sounds. All alarms need to hit 85 dB (A) or higher.
• Interlinking test We check that when the smoke alarm sounds the interlinked heat alarms will also sound. And we do the reverse in our heat alarm tests.

Heat alarm tests 

• Slow temperature rise test We measure the responsiveness of each alarm to slow temperature rises. In our tests we raise the temperature by 1°C per minute until the maximum temperature is reached. 
• Typical temperature test We measure whether alarms operate and respond correctly over a range of temperature rises between 1°C and 30°C per minute. 
• High temperature test We check whether the alarm is able to function correctly at high temperatures when the temperature begins to rise rapidly.
• Reproducibility test We repeat our tests to check whether the alarms continue to respond to rises in room temperature correctly every time.
• Sound test We measure how loud the alarms are initially when they sound and then again after they have been sounding for a few minutes. The target is 85 dB(A). 

We regularly revisit the smoke alarms and heat alarms on sale to see if there are any more popular models that need testing – and when we find them, we do.

Find out more about how Which? is not influenced by product manufacturers or retailers and how your support helps us to stay editorially independent

What's the best type of smoke alarm for my home? 

• Optical smoke alarms Optical (or photoelectric) alarms are light sensors containing an infra-red LED, which pulses a beam of light into the sensor chamber every few seconds to check for smoke particles. As smoke enters, the light is scattered onto the photodiode light receptor, triggering an alarm. Historically these were good at detecting the larger smoke particles from slower smouldering fires, but as technology has advanced, an optical alarm is now a good choice for most rooms in the home other than the kitchen, where you'll need a heat alarm.

• Ionisation smoke alarms This type of smoke alarm ionises the air between two electrodes creating a small current inside the chamber. Smoke particles change the balance of the current; when this happens, a signal is sent and the alarm sounds. They were believed to be good for dusty areas like lofts, but they're now being phased out. So if you have an ionisation alarm, you should replace it with an optical alarm when it reaches the end of its life.

• Smart smoke and heat alarms Smart alarms send an alert via an app on your smartphone when danger is detected in your home. Smart alarms themselves don't need wi-fi signal to sound, so if the wi-fi is down, the alarm will still detect danger and sound. However, it does need to be connected to wi-fi in order to send an alert to your phone.

• Interlinked smoke and heat alarms Interlinked smoke alarms can be linked to other related smoke or heat alarms from the same manufacturer so that, when one senses danger, they all sound. In Scotland, since February 2022, interlinked smoke and heat alarms have needed to be fitted in all homes. 

• Heat alarms Heat or thermal alarms detect hot air instead of smoke. The alarm is triggered when the temperature within the sensor chamber reaches over 58°C – generally when a fire is well established. You can put them in kitchens and garages because they’re not prone to false alarms from cooking or exhaust fumes. 

Where should I place my smoke alarms?

To get the best response from your alarm, it should go in the centre of the ceiling, away from obstructions or dead spaces, such as where the walls and ceiling join. You should be able to hear it clearly across the whole space it's intended to cover, so bear this in mind as you look around your home and consider the risks. 

If anyone in your family might struggle to hear it - if, say, they have a hearing impairment, or they're a particularly heavy sleeper - then you may want to set up your alarms to account for that.

How do I maintain a smoke alarm?

Smoke alarms need very little maintenance, but follow these simple steps to keep yours in good working order.

• Installation date and expected alarm lifetime Write on the smoke alarm itself the day it was installed, and the date that it should be replaced.
• Manufacturer instructions Follow the manufacturer's guidance on the installation, location and maintenance of the alarm.
• Regular testing Use the test button to test the smoke alarm weekly.
• Change the battery If your alarm comes with disposable batteries, change them each year.
• Clean your smoke alarm Gently vacuum inside the case (using the soft brush attachment) to remove dust from the smoke alarm sensors. If the case doesn't open, vacuum through the holes.

How to install a battery in a smoke alarm

This is an easy job. Alarms that use disposable batteries typically need a 9v battery or AA batteries. 

It's a good idea to install batteries before attaching a new alarm to your ceiling. When you need to change them, the cover of the alarm will flip down to allow you to access the battery compartment.

Always test your smoke or heat alarm straight after replacing the batteries to make sure that it's still working.

How often should you change a smoke alarm battery? 

This is likely to be an annual job if you have a smoke or heat alarm powered by disposable batteries, so make a point of doing this every year. 

If a year hasn't passed and your alarm is chirping, this is another sign that the batteries need replacing, as measuring their lifespan is not an exact science.

Can you use rechargeable batteries in smoke alarms?

It's best to use disposable batteries in smoke and heat alarms. Rechargeable ones lose their charge more quickly, so they'll need to be replaced more frequently. 

This can be inconvenient, while also posing a safety risk, if the alarm is without batteries while the rechargeables are being charged. 

For a product this critical, and for the sake of safety and convenience, it's best to use a disposable battery that will last for a long time.

Why is my smoke alarm beeping?  

If your smoke alarm or heat alarm is chirping intermittently and the alarm uses replaceable batteries, this would be a sign that the batteries need to be replaced. 

When an alarm of any design – mains, sealed battery, replaceable battery – chirps, it can also mean it's at the end of its working life, which is usually 10 years. So if your alarm is chirping and is around 10 years old, it's time to get a new one.

A continuous sound coming from your smoke or heat alarm might indicate that it has become damaged, or the sound could indicate that it has developed a fault. In any case, if an alarm emits a continuous sound that isn't the very noisy sound of the alarm triggering, replace it as soon as you can. 

What kind of smoke alarms and heat alarms are required in Scotland?

All homes in Scotland need to have interlinked smoke and heat alarms installed. Homes that have a fuel-burning appliance, such as a boiler, open fire or log burner, will also need to have a carbon monoxide (CO) alarm installed in the room the appliance is in, although the CO alarm doesn’t need to be interlinked. 

A smoke alarm will need to be installed in the room you use most and you need to install an interlinked heat alarm in the kitchen. The new regulations also require interlinked smoke alarms to be fitted in all hallways and landings in homes in Scotland. These should be mains powered or come with a sealed battery rather than with replaceable batteries.