How to buy sustainable flowers

They might look natural, but fresh-cut bouquets aren't always as 'green' as they might seem. Most are intensively farmed and imported, giving them a hefty carbon footprint.

Many are grown under artificial light in energy-hungry Dutch hothouses, or air-freighted from Kenya in chilled containers. 

If a loved one is expecting a bouquet, or you’re hoping for some blooms yourself, here’s our guide to help you enjoy your favourite flowers more sustainably.

How sustainable are cut flowers?

Just like food, flowers are an agricultural product often grown on a large scale, and they present a wide range of sustainability issues. These can depend on how and where they're grown; how they're packaged and transported; and the treatment of the workers who grow, pick, and pack them. 

The British-grown cut-flower industry was worth £179m in 2023, but this only makes up a small part of the overall value of the flower industry – most flowers are imported.

In 2023, £615.5m worth of cut flowers were imported. More than 80% of imported flowers come from the Netherlands, where commercial flowers are grown mainly in energy-intensive heated greenhouses, resulting in a high carbon footprint. 

Check where your flowers come from

Flowers are also big business for countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Kenya and Vietnam thanks to their ideal growing conditions, with warm weather and long hours of sunlight all year round. The country of origin will affect the carbon footprint of your stems, but it's a complicated equation. 

It takes far less energy to grow flowers in these regions than in artificially lit and heated greenhouses in colder climates, but they're flown long distances to reach customers in the UK. So, which produces more carbon emissions?

A 2018 Lancaster University study compared the carbon emissions associated with the cultivation and transportation of seven types of cut flowers sourced from the UK, Kenya and the Netherlands and grown under different conditions (outdoor or greenhouse). The emissions per stem were found to be highest for Dutch lilies, followed by Kenyan gypsophila, Dutch roses and Kenyan roses. 

Emissions were significantly lower for lilies, snapdragons and alstroemerias produced by flower growers in the UK. 

The study found that an imported mixed bouquet produced 10 times more emissions than a British-grown equivalent.

Pesticides and pollution

Although carbon emissions are a big issue, the flower industry is also one of the biggest global users of pesticides, and commercial growers can have negative impacts on the environment in countries such as Kenya.

Many of the most toxic chemicals are banned in some parts of the world, but are still commonly used in other countries where there's relatively little regulation of pesticides used in flower growing.

Pesticide residues pose a health risk to workers who grow, pick and pack the flowers, and to florists who handle them frequently. In Belgium, the University of Liège found more than 100 different chemical residues in sample bouquets, including insecticides and fungicides that can have hazardous chronic effects.

Besides harming workers’ health, pesticide residues pollute both the soil and groundwater, and can severely affect local ecosystems and biodiversity.

Labels to look for on imported flowers

If you're keen to have imported blooms but want to help protect the environment and improve the livelihoods of workers who depend on the flower sector, look out for these labels on bunches grown by certified farms.

• Florverde Sustainable Flowers (FSF) is an independent social and environmental standard for the flower sector. The FSF standard covers issues including working conditions, occupational health, environmental best practices and protection of biodiversity. In 2019, 53% of Colombian flower exports were Florverde certified.

  

• Fairtrade is about better prices, decent working conditions, local sustainability and fair terms of trade for farmers and workers. Fairtrade-certified farms receive a premium of 10% for every stem sold, which allows workers to invest in healthcare, education and other social benefits. Fairtrade currently works with flower farmers in Ecuador, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Uganda.

• Rainforest Alliance is a scheme covering social, economic and environmental issues. Manufacturers of products carrying the logo must prove they have systems in place to protect the farm's natural biodiversity and resources. Unlike Fairtrade, it doesn't require a minimum price or a premium for producers, although workers must be treated fairly and certificate holders must be part of the Global Living Wage Coalition. Rainforest Alliance has merged with the UTZ certification programme, and the Rainforest Alliance seal has replaced the UTZ label.

  

How to buy seasonal British flowers

Many early-season flowers come from Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, thanks to their mild climate. But the centre of the UK flower industry is Lincolnshire.

The recent trend for looser, country-garden-style floristry has boosted demand for homegrown flowers, and smaller flower farms have started springing up all around the country. 

Flowers grown by a local farmer will be freshly picked and thus have a longer vase life. They also help the country’s biodiversity by providing food and habitat for butterflies, bugs and bees. 

Flowers from the Farm has a handy map of growers and florists who use seasonal, British-grown flowers. Alternatively, search online for the hashtag #grownnotflown.

Although there is no legal requirement to label the origin of cut flowers, you can find British blooms in supermarkets and online retailers too. Just look for the Union Jack sticker or ‘Grown in the UK’ on the label.

Looking for flowers for a special occasion? Read our reviews of the

Sustainable supermarket flowers

Half of all cut flowers in the UK are bought in supermarkets. If you're planning to pick up a bouquet with the weekly shop, look for British-grown bunches or Fairtrade-labelled flowers such as roses, lilies, eryngiums, calla lilies, sunflowers and alstroemerias.  The UK is the the world's biggest grower of daffodils.

Most large supermarkets, including Aldi, Asda, Co-op, Lidl, M&S, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s, sell a selection of Fairtrade flowers. Waitrose has its own Foundation, which funds projects to improve the lives of the people who grow, pick and pack flowers in Kenya.

Many supermarket bunches are still wrapped in non-recyclable cellophane, but some companies have started using biodegradable alternatives instead. You will still need to put these in your rubbish bin – they can't go in the recycling and can only be put in a garden compost bin if this is clearly stated.

Better still, look for flowers sold without packaging or with a paper wrapper, and with natural raffia or twine rather than synthetic rubber bands.

Sustainable flower alternatives

• For the freshest possible arrangement, with zero delivery miles, pick some stems from your own garden or allotment. If it’s too early for flowers, a few stems from a flowering tree or shrub, paired with some foliage, can be effective.

• Houseplants are more popular than ever and are more sustainable than flowers, which will be thrown away after a week or two. Most online florists and larger supermarkets now offer a selection of gift-worthy houseplants.

• A larger potted perennial or shrub can be planted out in the garden and, with a little care, your gift will continue to grow and be appreciated for years to come.

• Consider a dried flower bouquet – they will last much longer than a fresh bunch.

To learn how to successfully grow your own flowers, head to our grow-your-own advice guides.