All Diseases and Conditions

For each health topic, you’ll find a “Basics” version, which provides essential facts, and an “In-Depth” version, which provides more details. All of our health topic pages may be downloaded as a PDF, and can be printed or shared with others. Please note that this information is not intended to answer specific questions about a particular problem or condition. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

A

Acne

What is acne? It is caused when blocked skin follicles from a plug caused by oil from glands, bacteria, and dead cells clump together and swell.

Alopecia Areata

What is alopecia areata? It is a condition that attacks your hair follicles (they make hair). In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

What is ankylosing spondylitis? It is arthritis that affects the spine, usually producing redness, heat, swelling, and pain in the spine where it joins the pelvis.

Arthritis

Arthritis is joint inflammation that can cause stiffness or pain. Learn more about the symptoms & treatments.

Atopic Dermatitis

What is atopic dermatitis? It is a skin disease causing much itchiness. Scratching leads to redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, crusting, and scaling.

Autoimmune Diseases

In autoimmune diseases, proteins known as autoantibodies target the body’s own healthy tissues by mistake, signaling the body to attack them.

Autoinflammatory Diseases

What are autoinflammatory diseases? They cause your immune cells to attack your body by mistake, and can cause fever, rash, joint swelling, and more.

B

Back Pain

Back pain is one of the most common medical problems in the United States. It can range from a dull, constant ache to sudden, sharp pain that makes it hard to move.

Bone Health and Osteoporosis

Why does bone health matter? Learn more about what you can do to help keep your bones strong and healthy, what the risk factors are for osteoporosis, and how to live well if you have osteoporosis.

Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means to You

This resource contains information about osteoporosis and how you can help keep your bones strong.

Bone Mineral Density Tests: What the Numbers Mean

What is a bone mineral density test? A bone mineral density test measures calcium and other minerals in bone. Bones containing more minerals are denser, so they tend to be stronger and less likely to break.

C

Calcium and Vitamin D: Important for Bone Health

The foods we eat contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients that help keep our bodies healthy. We need to get enough of two nutrients in particular, calcium and vitamin D, to help keep our bones strong.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from your forearm, through your wrist, into the palm of your hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. Learn about causes and how to cope.

E

Educational Resources for Students and Teachers

NIAMS offers science-based classroom materials and activities for teachers to build accurate, age-appropriate lesson plans about bones, joints, muscles, and skin for students in grades 4, 5, and 6.

Epidermolysis Bullosa

What is epidermolysis bullosa? It is a group of diseases causing painful blisters to form on the skin. These blisters can cause problems if they become infected.

Exercise for Your Bone Health

As people get older, their risk of osteoporosis rises. Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become weak and brittle, which increases the risk of fractures (broken bones). Exercise in adults and children of any age offers many benefits for bone.

F

Fibromyalgia

Doctors don't yet know the exact causes of fibromyalgia. Find out more about this muscle-pain and fatigue causing chronic disorder.

Fibrous Dysplasia

What is fibrous dysplasia? It happens when healthy bone is replaced with other types of tissue. Bones may become weak or oddly shaped, or they may even break.

G

Gout

What is gout? It is a kind of arthritis that causes painful and stiff joints. Gout is caused by the build-up of crystals of uric acid in your joints.

Growth Plate Injuries

Injuries to the growth plate happen when a break or fracture develops near or at the end of a long bone.

H

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (also known as acne inversa) is a chronic, noncontagious, inflammatory condition characterized by pimple-like bumps or boils and tunnels or tracts on and under the skin.

Hip Replacement Surgery

Hip replacement surgery removes damaged or diseased parts of a hip joint and replaces them with new, artificial parts.

I

Ichthyosis

What is ichthyosis? It is a disorder that causes dry, thickened skin that may look similar to fish scales.

J

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Juvenile arthritis describes arthritis in children. Arthritis is caused by inflammation of the joints. Find out all you need to know about juvenile arthritis.

Juvenile Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when the bones get weaker and less dense. When a child or teen develops osteoporosis, the condition is known as juvenile osteoporosis.

K

Kids and Their Bones

Building healthy bones during childhood through healthy nutrition and lifestyle habits could help prevent or delay osteoporosis and fractures later in life.

M

Marfan Syndrome

What is Marfan syndrome? It is a disorder that affects connective tissue, which supports many parts of your body. Marfan syndrome is often a genetic disease.

O

Osteoarthritis

What is osteoarthritis? It damages the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones, causing bones to rub together, producing pain, swelling, and loss of motion.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disease, also called brittle bone disease, that causes bones to be weak and break easily.

Osteonecrosis

What is osteonecrosis? Osteonecrosis is a bone disease in which the bone begins to die and collapse. Find out the symptoms and goals of treatment.

Osteopetrosis

What is osteopetrosis? It is a rare disorder that causes bones to grow abnormally and become too dense. When this happens, bones can break easily.

Osteoporosis

What is osteoporosis? It is a disease in which your bones become weak and are more likely to break. There are no symptoms until a bone breaks.

Osteoporosis in Men

Because osteoporosis is more common in women than in men, it is often thought of as a women’s disease. But some men, especially those age 65 and older, do develop osteoporosis.

P

Pachyonychia Congenita

What is pachyonychia congenita? It is a rare disorder causing thick nails and painful calluses on the bottoms of the feet and other symptoms.

Paget’s Disease of Bone

What is Paget’s disease? It is a disorder that causes bones to grow too large and weaken. You can have Paget’s disease in any bones in your body.

Pemphigus

What is pemphigus? It is a disease where the immune system attacks healthy cells in the top layer of skin, resulting in blisters.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are closely linked inflammatory conditions. PMR causes muscle pain and stiffness in the shoulders, upper arms, hip area, and neck. GCA causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain, and eye problems.

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Bone Health

Temporary decreases in bone density are a normal part of pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, bone density is typically restored after pregnancy and during/after weaning.

Preventing Another Broken Bone

If you’re age 65 or older and have a broken bone, your doctor will probably do some testing to find out whether you have osteoporosis. You can take steps to help prevent another broken bone.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, scaly skin that may feel painful, swollen, or hot. Learn more about the types and what causes psoriasis.

Psoriatic Arthritis

What is psoriatic arthritis? It can occur in people who have psoriasis (scaly red and white patches). It affects the joints and areas where tissues attach to bone.

R

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon? It is a disease that affects blood vessels. It causes your body to not send enough blood to the hands and feet for a period of time.

Reactive Arthritis

What is reactive arthritis? It is caused by an infection and results in joint pain and swelling. You may also have red, swollen eyes and a swollen urinary tract.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

What is rheumatoid arthritis? It is a disease that affects multiple joints, resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness. Tiredness and fever may also be present.

Rosacea

What is rosacea? It is a long-term disease that causes reddened skin and pimples, usually on the face. It can also make the skin thicker and cause eye problems.

S

Scleroderma

Scleroderma causes areas of tight, hard skin, but can also harm your blood vessels and organs. Learn the causes and treatments of this skin disease.

Scoliosis in Children and Teens

What is scoliosis? It is a disorder causing a sideways curve of the spine. Curves are often S- or C-shaped. In most people, there is no known cause for this curve.

Sjögren’s Disease

What is Sjögren’s disease? It is a disease that affects the glands that make moisture. It most often causes dryness in the mouth and eyes.

Spinal Stenosis

What is spinal stenosis? It is the narrowing of the spine. This narrowing puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves and can cause pain.

Sports Injuries

Sports injuries are injuries that happen when playing sports or exercising. There are two kinds of sports injuries: acute and chronic.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)

Lupus is a disease where the body's defense system attacks healthy cells and tissues, causing damage to many parts of the body. Learn more about this disease.

V

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a disorder that causes patches of skin to become white. It happens because cells that make color in your skin are destroyed.

W

What Is Bone?

What does bone do? Bone has many important jobs in the body. Bone provides a strong framework to support and protect the soft organs (such as the brain, heart, and lungs) from injury and work with muscles to hold up the body when we stand and move.