An artificial nerve that is based on a vertical n-type organic electrochemical transistor with a gradient-intermixed bicontinuous structure can operate at high frequencies and mimic basic conditioned reflex behaviour in animals.

A data interface that is based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology can provide wireless data transfer between cryogenic and room temperature, and minimize the heat-to-information transfer ratio.

A hydrogen sensor that uses an organic semiconductor as the active layer can offer a high responsivity, fast response time, low limit of detection and low power consumption, and can operate continuously for more than 646 days in ambient air at room temperature.

The storage of holes in quantum-dot light-emitting diodes between high-frequency pulsed electrical excitations can create an excitation-history-dependent transient response, allowing the response speed of the devices to be increased.

A microfabrication methodology that involves thinning and deep etching of gadolinium gallium garnet substrates can be used to create magnetostatic wave resonators that exhibit a coupling of more than 8% in the 6–20 GHz frequency range.

An on-chip microcomb that provides reference clocks for all synthesized signals and electronics within the system can be used to unite time–frequency references in optoelectronics.

Artificial intelligence models continue to advance rapidly, but questions about energy consumption remain, increasing the need for new energy-efficient hardware.

The development of transistors based on two-dimensional semiconductors requires a consistent approach to calculating and evaluating quantum contact resistances.

Quantum computing is our 2025 technology of the year.