Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Field Work
2.2. Bibliographic Research
2.3. Pinus mugo Turra
3. Materials and Methods
- Preliminary Investigation on the Territory and the Local Flora
- Interview Management and Supporting Material
- Collection of Plant Material, Production of Herbarium Samples, and Photographic Archive
- Data Archiving and Analysis
Scientific Confirmation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
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Species | Preparation | Traditional Recipe |
---|---|---|
Arnica montana L. subsp. montana Arnica | Inflorescences exudate | Put the inflorescences in an empty glass flagon. Keep it under the summer sun. Turn the flagon upside down in order to help the exudate to leak from the inflorescences, regularly gathering the liquid. |
Calendula officinalis L. Calendula | Macerated oil | Fill a glass jar to the brim with inflorescences. Cover the flowers with almond oil. Keep the jar under the sun for 20–30 days. Filter the macerated oil. |
Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericum | Macerated oil | Fill a glass jar to the brim with inflorescences collected in June–July. Cover the flowers with almond, olive, or sunflower oil. Keep the jar under the summer sun. Filter the macerated oil in September. |
Larix decidua Mill. Larch | Ointment | Mix 1 Kg of spruce and larch resin with 100g of butter, olive oil, and bee wax until it reaches a smooth texture. |
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst Spruce | ||
Pinus mugo Turra Mountain pine | Pinecones syrup | Put green pinecones collected in June in a glass jar until they reach the brim. Cover the pinecone completely with white sugar. Keep the jar under the summer sun for 60 days, shaking it at intervals. Filter the syrup. |
Taraxacum spp. Dandelion | Inflorescences syrup | Put 100 flower heads in a glass jar and cover them with 100 g of white sugar. Keep the jar under the summer sun for 30–40 days, until the sugar melts. Filter the syrup. |
Category of Use (Pathologies) | n. Species per Category | n. Citations per Category | ICF |
---|---|---|---|
Digestive tract disorders | 28 | 297 | 0.91 |
Respiratory tract infections | 20 | 348 | 0.95 |
General condition | 20 | 103 | 0.81 |
Urinary tract disorders | 20 | 73 | 0.74 |
Musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas | 16 | 410 | 0.96 |
Skin diseases and traumas | 14 | 140 | 0.91 |
Nervous system disorders | 12 | 97 | 0.89 |
Circulatory system disorders | 12 | 37 | 0.69 |
Gynecological disorders, obstetric and puerperal problems | 8 | 21 | 0.65 |
Ophthalmic ailments | 7 | 36 | 0.83 |
Other | 7 | 19 | 0.67 |
Oropharyngeal cavity affections | 6 | 25 | 0.79 |
Early infancy ailments | 1 | 6 | 1.00 |
Afflictions of the ear | 1 | 1 |
Comparisons | Uses Reported in Both Groups | Uses Reported in One Group Only (Group 1/Group 2) | Jaccard Index | Reference | Specific Uses in Valmalenco | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VM | VV | 19 | 162/66 | 0.09 | [19] | 162 |
VM | VSG | 41 | 140/133 | 0.18 | [13] | 140 |
VM | VF | 69 | 112/209 | 0.27 | [3] | 112 |
VM | LS | 89 | 92/539 | 0.16 | [15] | 92 |
VM | WA1 | 17 | 164/53 | 0.08 | [22] | 164 |
VM | WA2 | 22 | 159/130 | 0.08 | [2] | 159 |
VM | NW | 24 | 157/198 | 0.07 | [14] | 157 |
VM | VAR | 15 | 166/38 | 0.08 | [18] | 166 |
VM | TR | 48 | 133/181 | 0.18 | [17] | 133 |
Average | 0.13 | Average | 142.78 | |||
Standard deviation | 26.11 |
Latin Name | Traditional Uses in Valmalenco | Type of Preparation in Literature | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Plant and Preparation | Field of Use | Category of Use | Detailed Use | |||
Achillea millefolium L. | Epigeal part (Whole) (compresses with infusion) | Med | Skin diseases and traumas | Anti-inflammatory, disinfectant and wound healing, Emollient, soothing | Hot water extract with hemostyptic activity in vitro | [25] |
Aqueous extract with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro | [24] | |||||
Matricaria chamomilla L. | Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (infusion) | Med | - | Anti-oxidant | Aqueous extract with anti-oxidant activity in vitro | [108] |
Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (infusion) | Med | Nervous system disorders | Sedative hypnotic, promotes sleep | Lyophilized aqueous extract with activity on CNS | ||
Taraxacum spp. | Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (infusion) | Med | Urinary tract disorders | Kidney stones Cystitis and other inflammation of the urinary tract Urinary tract depurative Diuretic | Aqueous roots extract with diuretic activity in rats | [167] |
Leaves (infusion or decoction) | ||||||
Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | ||||||
Underground organs (roots/bulbs/tubers/rhizomes) (infusion or decoction) | ||||||
Leaves (infusion or decoction) | Med | - | Anti-inflammatory | Aqueous leaves extract with anti-inflammatory activity in vivo | ||
Gentiana lutea L. subsp. lutea | Underground organs (roots/bulbs/tubers/rhizomes) (decoction, grappa) | Med | Digestive tract disorders | Digestive Stomach anti-inflammatory Liver anti-inflammatory Stomachache Vermifuge | EtOH roots extract with choleretic activity (not the Aqueous nor the MeOH extracts) | WHO Monograph—Radix Gentianae Luinfusione [29] |
Hypericum perforatum L. | Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (macerated oil) | Med | Skin diseases and traumas | Sunburns, burns, frostbites, redness and rash Anti-inflammatory, disinfectant and wound healing Psoriasis Insect bites | Different types of macerated oils active on burns and wounds | [72] |
21 macerated oil samples of H. (homemade or commercial) analyzed. Pseudohypericin and hypericin in all samples. Hyperforin in 4 samples. | ||||||
Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (macerated oil) | Med | Musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas | Contusions Sprains and dislocations Articular pain and inflammations Muscle inflammations and pain | |||
Origanum vulgare L. | Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion/compresses with infusion) | Med | - | Antioxidant activity | Antioxidant activity of hot and cold water extracts | [121] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | Med | Digestive tract disorders | Liver depurative | Choleretic and Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts in rats | [141] |
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract in rats | [144] | |||||
Thymus spp. | Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | Med | Circulatory system disorders | Blood depurative | Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract in rats | [144] |
Flowers/inflorescences/flowering tops (infusion) | Med | Respiratory tract infections | Balsamic Cough Colds and flu symptoms Expectorant, decongestant, emollient | Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract | [170,199] | |
Leaves (infusion) | ||||||
Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | ||||||
Laurus nobilis L. | Fruits/infructescences/accessory fruits (infusion) | Med | Digestive tract disorders | Antiacid, gastritis, acid reflux Carminative Abdominal pain | Decoction in water of fruits with gastroprotective activity | [90] |
Linum usitatissimum L. | Seeds (boiled or left in water overnight, then drunk) | Med | Digestive tract disorders | Laxative, intestinal motility | Maceration in how water to extract mucilages | [95] |
Malva sylvestris L. | Leaves (infusion, compresses/baths with infusion) | Med | - | Analgesic | Aqueous extract with analgesic activity in rats (intraperitoneal administration) | [100] |
Leaves (infusion) | Med | Urinary tract disorders | Depurative | Nephroprotecive activity of aqueous extract of leaves and flowers | [106] | |
Epilobium spp. | Leaves (infusion) | Med | General condition | Anti-inflammatory | Aqueous extracts with activity on COX-1 and COX-2 | [58] |
Aqueous extracts with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro | [59] | |||||
Chelidonium majus L. | Latex or sap (applied raw) | Med | Skin diseases and traumas | Skin tags and warts | Case report: 4-years child with warts treated with raw latex | [55] |
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. subsp. islandica | Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | Med | Respiratory tract infections | Expectorant, decongestant, emollientSorethroat and hoarseness | Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract in vitro | [51] |
Passiflora spp. | Epigeal part (Whole) (infusion) | Med | Nervous system disorders | Promotes sleep | Effect of infusion on Subjective sleep quality | [126] |
Plantago major L. | Leaves (washing with infusion) | Med | Oropharyngeal cavity affections | Gingivitis, toothache, mouth ulcers and abscesses | Anti-inflammatory activity of extract in deionized water in vivo | [129] |
Rosa canina L. | Fruits/infructescences/accessory fruits (infusion) | Med | Respiratory tract infections | Decongestant Sorethroat | Different aqueous extracts of rose hips with anti-inflammatory activity | [140] |
Urtica dioica L. | Leaves (applied as a poultice) | Med | Musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas | Rheumatism, Contusions, Hematoma | Leaves applied on thumb against osteoarthritis showed anti-inflammatory activity | [176] |
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Bottoni, M.; Milani, F.; Colombo, L.; Nallio, K.; Colombo, P.S.; Giuliani, C.; Bruschi, P.; Fico, G. Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches. Molecules 2020, 25, 4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184144
Bottoni M, Milani F, Colombo L, Nallio K, Colombo PS, Giuliani C, Bruschi P, Fico G. Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches. Molecules. 2020; 25(18):4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184144
Chicago/Turabian StyleBottoni, Martina, Fabrizia Milani, Lorenzo Colombo, Kevin Nallio, Paola Sira Colombo, Claudia Giuliani, Piero Bruschi, and Gelsomina Fico. 2020. "Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches" Molecules 25, no. 18: 4144. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184144