The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") changed deductions, depreciation, expensing, tax credits and other tax items that affect businesses. This side-by-side comparison can help businesses understand the changes and plan accordingly. Some provisions of the TCJA that affect individual taxpayers can also affect business taxes. Businesses and self-employed individuals should review tax reform changes for individuals and determine how these provisions work with their business situation. Visit IRS.gov/taxreform regularly for tax reform updates. Businesses can find details and the latest resources on the provisions below at Tax reform provisions that affect businesses. Deductions, depreciation and expensing Changes to deductions, depreciation and expensing may affect a taxpayer’s business taxes. Publication 535, Business Expenses, and Publication 946, How to Depreciate Property, explain many of these topics in detail. Deductions Deductions 2017 Law What changed under TCJA New deduction for qualified business income of pass-through entities No previous law for comparison. This is a new provision. This new provision, also known as Section 199A, allows a deduction of up to 20% of qualified business income for owners of some businesses. Limits apply based on income and type of business. Limits on deduction for meals and entertainment expenses A business can deduct up to 50% of entertainment expenses directly related to the active conduct of a trade or business or incurred immediately before or after a substantial and bona fide business discussion. The TCJA generally eliminated the deduction for any expenses related to activities considered entertainment, amusement or recreation. However, under the new law, taxpayers can continue to deduct 50% of the cost of business meals if the taxpayer (or an employee of the taxpayer) is present and the food or beverages are not considered lavish or extravagant. The meals may be provided to a current or potential business customer, client, consultant or similar business contact. If provided during or at an entertainment activity, the food and beverages must be purchased separately from the entertainment, or the cost of the food or beverages must be stated separately from the cost of the entertainment on one or more bills, invoices, or receipts. Notice 2018-76 provides additional information on these changes. New limits on deduction for business interest expenses The deduction for net interest is limited to 50% of adjusted taxable income for firms with a debt-equity ratio above 1.5. Interest above the limit can be carried forward indefinitely. The change limits deductions for business interest incurred by certain businesses. Generally, for businesses with 25 million or less in average annual gross receipts, business interest expense is limited to business interest income plus 30% of the business’s adjusted taxable income and floor-plan financing interest There are some exceptions to the limit, and some businesses can elect out of this limit. Disallowed interest above the limit may be carried forward indefinitely, with special rules for partnerships. Changes to rules for like-kind exchanges Like-kind exchange treatment applies to certain exchanges of real, personal or intangible property. Like-kind exchange treatment now applies only to certain exchanges of real property. For more information, see Form 8824, Like-Kind Exchanges, and its instructions, as well as Publication 544, Sales and Other Disposition of Assets. Payments made in sexual harassment or sexual abuse cases No previous law for comparison. This is a new provision. No deduction is allowed for certain payments made in sexual harassment or sexual abuse cases. Changes to deductions for local lobbying expenses Although lobbying and political expenditures are generally not deductible, a taxpayer can deduct payments related to lobbying local councils or similar governing bodies. TCJA repealed the exception for local lobbying expenses. The general disallowance rules for lobbying and political expenses now apply to payments related to local legislation as well. Excess Business Loss Excess farm losses (defined below) aren't deductible if you received certain applicable subsidies. This limit applies to any farming businesses, other than a C corporation, that received a Commodity Credit Corporation loan. Your farming losses are limited to the greater of: $300,000 ($150,000 for a married person filing a separate return), or The total net farm income for the prior five tax years. (Publication 225 Page 25 – 3rd column) Noncorporate taxpayers may be subject to excess business loss limitations. The at-risk limits and the passive activity limits are applied before calculating the amount of any excess business loss. An excess business loss is the amount by which the total deductions attributable to all of your trades or businesses exceed your total gross income and gains attributable to those trades or businesses plus $250,000 (or $500,000 in the case of a joint return). A “trade or business” includes, but is not limited to, Schedule C and Schedule F activities, the activity of being an employee, and certain activities reported on Schedule E. (In the case of a partnership or S corporation, the limitation is applied at the partner or shareholder level.) Business gains and losses reported on Schedule D and Form 4797 are included in the excess business loss calculation. Excess business losses that are disallowed are treated as a net operating loss carryover to the following taxable year. See Form 461 and instructions for details. For application of these rules to farmers, see also Publication 225 and Instructions to Schedule F. Net Operating Loss Generally, if you have an NOL for a tax year ending in 2017, you must carry back the entire amount of the NOL to the 2 tax years before the NOL year (the carryback period), and then carry forward any remaining NOL. (2017 Pub 536 page 3, 2nd column) If your NOL is more than the taxable income of the year you carry it to (figured before deducting the NOL), you generally will have an NOL carryover to the next year. (2017 Pub 536 page 4, 3rd column) Most taxpayers no longer have the option to carryback a net operating loss (NOL). For most taxpayers, NOLs arising in tax years ending after 2017 can only be carried forward. The 2-year carryback rule in effect before 2018, generally, does not apply to NOLs arising in tax years ending after December 31, 2017. Exceptions apply to certain farming losses and NOLs of insurance companies other than a life insurance company. For losses arising in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, the new law limits the net operating loss deduction to 80% of taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction). Depreciation Depreciation 2017 Law What changed under TCJA Temporary 100 percent expensing for certain business assets Certain business assets, such as equipment and buildings, are depreciated over time. Bonus depreciation for equipment, computer software, and certain improvements to nonresidential real property allows an immediate deduction of 50% for equipment placed in service in 2017, 40% in 2018, and 30% in 2019. Long-lived property generally is not eligible. The phase down is delayed for certain property, including property with a long production period. TCJA temporarily allows 100% expensing for business property acquired and placed in service after Sept. 27, 2017 and before Jan. 1, 2023. The 100% allowance generally decreases by 20% per year in taxable years beginning after 2022 and expires Jan. 1, 2027. The law now allows expensing for certain film, television, and live theatrical productions, and used qualified property with certain restrictions. For more information, see Tax Reform: Changes to Depreciation Affect Businesses Now and New 100-percent depreciation deduction for businesses. Changes to rules for expensing depreciable business assets (section 179 property) A taxpayer can expense the cost of qualified assets and deduct a maximum of $500,000, with a phaseout threshold of $2 million. Generally, qualified assets consist of machinery, equipment, off-the-shelf computer software and certain improvements to nonresidential real property. TCJA increased the maximum deduction to $1 million and increased the phase-out threshold to $2.5 million. It also modifies the definition of section 179 property to allow the taxpayer to elect to include certain improvements made to nonresidential real property. Publication 946, How to Depreciate Property, and the Additional First Year Depreciation Deduction (Bonus) FAQs provide additional resources on this topic. Changes to depreciation of luxury automobiles There are limits on depreciation deductions for owners of cars, trucks and vans. TCJA increased depreciation limits for passenger vehicles PDF. If the taxpayer doesn’t claim bonus depreciation, the greatest allowable depreciation deduction is: $10,000 for the first year, $16,000 for the second year, $9,600 for the third year, and $5,760 for each later taxable year in the recovery period. If a taxpayer claims 100% bonus depreciation, the greatest allowable depreciation deduction is $18,000 for the first year, and the same as above for later years. Changes to listed property Computers and peripheral equipment are categorized as listed property. Their deduction and depreciation is subject to strict substantiation requirements. TCJA removes computer or peripheral equipment from the definition of listed property. Changes to the applicable recovery period for real property The General Depreciation System (GDS) and the Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) of the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) provide that the capitalized cost of tangible property is recovered over a specified life by annual deductions for depreciation. The general depreciation system recovery periods are still 39 years for nonresidential real property and 27.5 years for residential rental property. The alternative depreciation system recovery period for nonresidential real property is still 40 years. However, TCJA changes the alternative depreciation system recovery period for residential rental property from 40 years to 30 years. Qualified leasehold improvement property, qualified restaurant property and qualified retail improvement property are no longer separately defined and given a special 15-year recovery period under the new law. Businesses with employees: Changes to fringe benefits and new credit For businesses that have employees, there are changes to fringe benefits and a new tax credit that can affect a business’s bottom line. Fringe benefit 2017 law What changed under TCJA Suspension of the exclusion for qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements Up to $20 per month in employer reimbursement for bicycle commuting expense is not subject to income and employment taxes of the employee. Under TCJA, employers can deduct qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements as a business expense. Employers must now include 100% of these reimbursements in the employee’s wages, subject to income and employment taxes. Suspension of exclusion for qualified moving expense reimbursements An employee’s moving expense reimbursements are not subject to income or employment taxes. Under TCJA, employers must include moving expense reimbursements in employees’ wages, subject to income and employment taxes. Generally, members of the U.S. Armed Forces can still exclude qualified moving expense reimbursements from their income. Prohibition on cash, gift cards and other non-tangible personal property as employee achievement award Employers can deduct the cost of certain employee achievement awards. Deductible awards are excludible from employee income. Special rules allow an employee to exclude certain achievement awards from their wages if the awards are tangible personal property. An employer also may deduct awards that are tangible personal property, subject to certain deduction limits. TCJA clarifies that tangible personal property doesn’t include cash, cash equivalents, gift cards, gift coupons, certain gift certificates, tickets to theater or sporting events, vacations, meals, lodging, stocks, bonds, securities, and other similar items. Tax Credit 2017 law What changed under TCJA New employer credit for paid family and medical leave No previous law for comparison. This is a new provision. The TCJA added a new tax credit for employers that offer paid family and medical leave to their employees. The credit applies to wages paid in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. The credit is a percentage of wages (as determined for Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) purposes and without regard to the $7,000 FUTA wage limitation) paid to a qualifying employee while on family and medical leave for up to 12 weeks per taxable year. The percentage can range from 12.5% to 25%, depending on the percentage of wages paid during the leave. For more information on the new credit, see Notice 2018-71 and New credit benefits employers who provide paid family and medical leave. Business structure and accounting methods An organization’s business structure is an important consideration when applying tax reform changes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changed some things related to these topics. Business structure topic 2017 law What changed under TCJA Changes to cash method of accounting for some businesses Small business taxpayers with average annual gross receipts of $5 million or less in the prior three-year period may use the cash method of accounting. The TCJA allows small business taxpayers with average annual gross receipts of $25 million or less in the prior three-year period to use the cash method of accounting. The law expands the number of small business taxpayers eligible to use the cash method of accounting and exempts these small businesses from certain accounting rules for inventories, cost capitalization and long-term contracts. As a result, more small business taxpayers can change to cash method accounting starting after Dec. 31, 2017. Revenue Procedure 2018-40 provides further details on these changes. Changes regarding conversions from an S corporation to a C corporation In the case of an S corporation that converts to a C corporation: Net adjustments that are needed to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted as a result of an accounting method change and attributable to the revocation of the S corporation election (e.g. adjustments required because of a required change from the cash method to an accrual method): net adjustments that decrease taxable income generally were taken into account entirely in the year of change, and net adjustments that increase taxable income generally were taken into account ratably during the four-taxable-year period beginning with the year of change. Distributions of cash by the C corporation to its shareholders during a post-termination transition period (generally one year after the conversion) are, to the extent of stock basis tax-free, then capital gain to the extent of remaining accumulated adjustments account (AAA). Distributions more than AAA are treated as dividends coming from accumulated Earnings and Profits (E&P). Distributions after that period are dividends to the extent of E&P and taxed as dividends. The TCJA makes two modifications to existing law for a C corporation that (1) was an S corporation on Dec. 21, 2017 and revokes its S corporation election after Dec. 21, 2017, but before Dec. 22, 2019, and (2) has the same owners of stock in identical proportions on the date of revocation and on Dec. 22, 2017. The following modifications apply to these entities: The period for including net adjustments that are needed to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted as a result of an accounting method change and attributable to the revocation of the S corporation election is changed to six years. This six-year period applies to net adjustments that decrease taxable income as well as net adjustments that increase taxable income. Distributions of cash following the post-termination transition period are treated as coming out of the corporation’s AAA and E&P proportionally. See Revenue Procedure 2018-44 for more detailed information. Businesses or individuals that rehabilitate historical buildings Topic 2017 law What changed under TCJA Changes to the rehabilitation tax credit Owners of certified historic structures were eligible for a tax credit of 20% of qualified rehabilitation expenditures. Owners of pre-1936 buildings were eligible for a tax credit of 10% of qualified rehabilitation expenditures. TCJA keeps the 20% credit for qualified rehabilitation expenditures for certified historic structures but requires that taxpayers take the 20% credit over five years instead of in the year they placed the building into service. The 10% credit for pre-1936 buildings is repealed under TCJA. Opportunity for tax-favored investments Opportunity Zones are a tool designed to spur economic development and job creation in distressed communities. Businesses or individuals can participate. Topic 2017 law What changed under TCJA Opportunity Zones No previous law for comparison. This is a new provision. Investments in Opportunity Zones provide tax benefits to investors. Investors can elect to temporarily defer tax on capital gains that are reinvested in a Qualified Opportunity Fund (QOF). The tax on the gain can be deferred until the earlier of the date on which the QOF investment is sold or exchanged, or Dec. 31, 2026. If the investor holds the investment in the QOF for at least ten years, the investor may be eligible for a permanent exclusion of any capital gain realized by the sale or exchange of the QOF investment. For more information, see Notice 2018-48.
