ActiveRecord migrations for Postgres made safe.
- Ruby 2.5+
- Rails 5.2+
- PostgreSQL 9.3+
Just drop this line in your Gemfile:
gem 'safe-pg-migrations'Note: Do not run migrations via PgBouncer connection if it is configured to use transactional or statement pooling modes. You must run migrations via a direct Postgres connection, or configure PgBouncer to use session pooling mode.
Consider the following migration:
class AddAdminToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
def change
add_column :users, :admin, :boolean, default: false, null: false
end
endIf the users table is large, running this migration on a live Postgres 9 database will likely cause downtime. Safe PG Migrations hooks into Active Record so that the following gets executed instead:
class AddAdminToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
# Do not wrap the migration in a transaction so that locks are held for a shorter time.
disable_ddl_transaction!
def change
# Lower Postgres' lock timeout to avoid statement queueing. Acts like a seatbelt.
execute "SET lock_timeout TO '5s'" # The lock_timeout duration is customizable.
# Add the column without the default value and the not-null constraint.
add_column :users, :admin, :boolean
# Set the column's default value.
change_column_default :users, :admin, false
# Backfill the column in batches.
User.in_batches.update_all(admin: false)
# Add the not-null constraint. Beforehand, set a short statement timeout so that
# Postgres does not spend too much time performing the full table scan to verify
# the column contains no nulls.
execute "SET statement_timeout TO '5s'"
change_column_null :users, :admin, false
end
endUnder the hood, Safe PG Migrations patches ActiveRecord::Migration and extends ActiveRecord::Base.connection to make potentially dangerous methods—like add_column—safe.
Writing a safe migration can be daunting. Numerous articles, including ours, have been written on the topic and a few gems are trying to address the problem. Even for someone who has a pretty good command of Postgres, remembering all the subtleties of explicit locking is not a piece of cake.
Active Record means developers don't have to be proficient in SQL to interact with a database. In the same way, Safe PG Migrations was created so that developers don't have to understand the ins and outs of Postgres to write a safe migration.
Lock timeout
Most DDL operations (e.g. adding a column, removing a column or adding a default value to a column) take an ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock on the table they are altering. While these operations wait to acquire their lock, other statements are blocked. Before running a migration, Safe PG Migrations sets a short lock timeout (default to 5 seconds) so that statements are not blocked for too long.
See PostgreSQL Alter Table and Long Transactions and Migrations and Long Transactions for detailed explanations of the matter.
Statement timeout
Adding a foreign key or a not-null constraint can take a lot of time on a large table. The problem is that those operations take ACCESS EXCLUSIVE locks. We clearly don't want them to hold these locks for too long. Thus, Safe PG Migrations runs them with a short statement timeout (default to 5 seconds).
See Zero-downtime Postgres migrations - the hard parts for a detailed explanation on the subject.
Prevent wrapping migrations in transaction
When Safe PG Migrations is used, migrations are not wrapped in a transaction. This is for several reasons:
- We want to release locks as soon as possible.
- In order to be able to retry statements that have failed because of a lock timeout, we have to be outside a transaction.
- In order to add an index concurrently, we have to be outside a transaction.
Note that if a migration fails, it won't be rollbacked. This can result in migrations being partially applied. In that case, they need to be manually reverted.
Safe add_column
Safe PG Migrations gracefully handle the upgrade to PG11 by not backfilling default value for existing rows, as the database engine is now natively handling it.
Beware though, when adding a volatile default value:
add_column :users, :created_at, default: 'clock_timestamp()'PG will still needs to update every row of the table, and will most likely statement timeout for big table. In this case, your best bet is to add the column without default, set the default, and backfill existing rows.
Note: Pre-postgre 11 Adding a column with a default value and a not-null constraint is dangerous.
Safe PG Migrations makes it safe by:
- Adding the column without the default value and the not null constraint,
- Then set the default value on the column,
- Then backfilling the column,
- And then adding the not null constraint with a short statement timeout.
Note: the addition of the not null constraint may timeout. In that case, you may want to add the not-null constraint as initially not valid and validate it in a separate statement. See Adding a not-null constraint on Postgres with minimal locking.
Safe add_index and remove_index
Creating an index requires a SHARE lock on the target table which blocks all write on the table while the index is created (which can take some time on a large table). This is usually not practical in a live environment. Thus, Safe PG Migrations ensures indexes are created concurrently.
As CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY and DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY are non-blocking operations (ie: read/write operations on the table are still possible), Safe PG Migrations sets a lock timeout to 30 seconds for those 2 specific statements.
If you still get lock timeout while adding / removing indexes, it might be for one of those reasons:
- Long-running queries are active on the table. To create / remove an index, PG needs to wait for the queries that are actually running to finish before starting the index creation / removal. The blocking activity logger might help you to pinpoint the culprit queries.
- A vacuum / autovacuum is running on the table, holding a ShareUpdateExclusiveLock, you are most likely out of luck for the current migration, but you may try to optimize your autovacuums settings.
safe add_foreign_key (and add_reference)
Adding a foreign key requires a SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE lock, which prevent writing in the tables while the migration is running.
Adding the constraint itself is rather fast, the major part of the time is spent on validating this constraint. Thus safe-pg-migrations ensures that adding a foreign key holds blocking locks for the least amount of time by splitting the foreign key creation in two steps:
- adding the constraint without validation, will not validate existing rows;
- validating the constraint, will validate existing rows in the table, without blocking read or write on the table
Retry after lock timeout
When a statement fails with a lock timeout, Safe PG Migrations retries it (5 times max) list of retryable statments
Blocking activity logging
If a statement fails with a lock timeout, Safe PG Migrations will try to tell you what was the blocking statement.
Verbose SQL logging
For any operation, Safe PG Migrations can output the performed SQL queries. This feature is enabled by default in a production Rails environment. If you want to explicit enable it, for example in your development environment you can use:
export SAFE_PG_MIGRATIONS_VERBOSE=1Instead of the traditional output:
add_index :users, :age
== 20191215132355 SampleIndex: migrating ======================================
-- add_index(:users, :age)
-> add_index("users", :age, {:algorithm=>:concurrently})
-> 0.0175s
== 20191215132355 SampleIndex: migrated (0.0200s) =============================Safe PG Migrations will output the following logs:
add_index :users, :age
== 20191215132355 SampleIndex: migrating ======================================
(0.3ms) SHOW lock_timeout
(0.3ms) SET lock_timeout TO '5s'
-- add_index(:users, :age)
-> add_index("users", :age, {:algorithm=>:concurrently})
(0.3ms) SHOW statement_timeout
(0.3ms) SET statement_timeout TO 0
(0.3ms) SHOW lock_timeout
(0.3ms) SET lock_timeout TO '30s'
(3.5ms) CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY "index_users_on_age" ON "users" ("age")
(0.3ms) SET lock_timeout TO '5s'
(0.2ms) SET statement_timeout TO '1min'
-> 0.0093s
(0.2ms) SET lock_timeout TO '0'
== 20191215132355 SampleIndex: migrated (0.0114s) =============================So you can actually check that the CREATE INDEX statement will be performed concurrently, without any statement timeout and with a lock timeout of 30 seconds.
Nb: The SHOW statements are used by Safe PG Migrations to query settings for their original values in order to restore them after the work is done
Safe PG Migrations can be customized, here is an example of a Rails initializer (the values are the default ones):
SafePgMigrations.config.safe_timeout = 5.seconds # Lock and statement timeout used for all DDL operations except from CREATE / DROP INDEX
SafePgMigrations.config.blocking_activity_logger_verbose = true # Outputs the raw blocking queries on timeout. When false, outputs information about the lock instead
SafePgMigrations.config.blocking_activity_logger_margin = 1.second # Delay to output blocking queries before timeout. Must be shorter than safe_timeout
SafePgMigrations.config.batch_size = 1000 # Size of the batches used for backfilling when adding a column with a default value pre-PG11
SafePgMigrations.config.retry_delay = 1.minute # Delay between retries for retryable statements
SafePgMigrations.config.max_tries = 5 # Number of retries before abortion of the migrationbundle
psql -h localhost -U postgres -c 'CREATE DATABASE safe_pg_migrations_test'
rake testAlternatives:
- https://github.com/gocardless/activerecord-safer_migrations
- https://github.com/ankane/strong_migrations
- https://github.com/LendingHome/zero_downtime_migrations
Interesting reads:
- When Postgres blocks: 7 tips for dealing with locks
- Migrations and Long Transactions in Postgres
- PostgreSQL Alter Table and Long Transactions
- Adding a NOT NULL CONSTRAINT on PG Faster with Minimal Locking
- Adding columns with default values to really large tables in Postgres + Rails
- Rails migrations with no downtime
- Safe Operations For High Volume PostgreSQL
- Rails Migrations with Zero Downtime
- Stop worrying about PostgreSQL locks in your Rails migrations
- PostgreSQL at Scale: Database Schema Changes Without Downtime