Review
World Cancer Report: Cancer research for cancer prevention
Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
- PMID: 39432694
- Bookshelf ID: NBK606505
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Review
World Cancer Report: Cancer research for cancer prevention
Excerpt
Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention is a multidisciplinary publication, with leading international scientists as authors and reviewers. More than 60 different chapters describe multiple aspects of cancer prevention and the research that underpins prevention, focusing on research activity during the past 5 years. Starting with the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, this publication provides wide-ranging insights into cancer prevention based on the known causes of cancer, factors that determine how cancer develops, and the behaviour of different tumour types, and presents a broad scope of interventions to reduce the cancer burden from a global perspective, including addressing inequalities that affect cancer prevention.
© International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020. For more information contact publications@iarc.who.int.
Sections
- Production team
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1. The global cancer burden
-
2. Causes of cancer, including hazardous circumstances
-
2.1.
Tobacco products : Massive and still growing causes of cancer worldwide -
2.2.
Infectious agents : Missed opportunities for prevention -
2.3.
Alcohol consumption : A leading risk factor for cancer -
2.4.
Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation : Affecting skin cancer incidence in many countries -
2.5.
Ionizing radiation and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields : Further clarification of particular risks -
2.6.
Diet and nutrition : Understanding which factors are critical -
2.7.
Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and obesity : Established and emerging modifiable risk factors -
2.8.
Dietary carcinogens : A continuing concern in various contexts -
2.9.
Contamination of air, water, soil, and food : The challenge is to characterize specific risks -
2.10.
Occupation : The need for continuing vigilance -
2.11.
Pharmaceutical drugs : A current focus on hormones -
World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research
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2.1.
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3 Biological processes in cancer development
-
3.1.
Sporadic cancer : Tumorigenesis in the absence of an established or avoidable cause -
3.2.
Genomics : Susceptibility and somatic patterns -
3.3.
Gene–environment interactions : The preventive implications are still not clear -
3.4.
DNA repair and genetic instability : Endogenous and exogenous sources of damage and hereditary syndromes -
3.5.
Inflammation : Playing a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis -
3.6.
Reproductive and hormonal history : Important contributors to several cancer sites -
3.7.
Metabolic change and metabolomics : Emerging approaches and new insights -
3.8.
Epigenetics : Potential in diagnostics, therapy, and prevention -
3.9.
Immune function : From the tumour microenvironment to therapeutic targeting -
3.10.
The microbiome : Its influence on tumorigenesis and therapy -
3.11.
Identifying carcinogens from 10 key characteristics : A new approach based on mechanisms -
The IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention
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3.1.
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4 Inequalities that affect cancer prevention
- 4.1. Inequalities between and within countries: Impact on cancer prevention
-
4.2.
Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in Africa : Cervical cancer as an example -
4.3.
Cancer in urban and rural communities in China : Patterns reflect social dynamics -
4.4.
Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in India : Diverse interventions are needed -
4.5.
Variations in implementation of cancer screening in European countries : Striving for best practice -
4.6.
Disparities in cancer prevention services in the USA : A long-standing, persistent cause of inequity -
4.7.
Cancer in Indigenous populations : Focusing on inequalities that are sometimes invisible -
Towards the World Code Against Cancer
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5 Preventing particular tumour types
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A guide to the epidemiology data in Section 5: Preventing particular tumour types -
5.1.
Lung cancer : Continues to be the leading cause of cancer death -
5.2.
Head and neck cancers : New etiological insights -
5.3.
Oesophageal cancer : A tale of two malignancies -
5.4.
Stomach cancer : Still one of the main cancer types worldwide -
5.5.
Colorectal cancer : Decreasing disparities and promoting prevention are policy priorities -
5.6.
Liver cancer : An infectious disease for many communities -
5.7.
Pancreatic cancer : Many risk factors too poorly characterized to enable prevention -
5.8.
Skin cancer : A focus on primary prevention -
5.9.
Breast cancer : Multiple, often complex, risk factors -
5.10.
Cervical cancer : Successes in some communities to be extended worldwide -
5.11.
Endometrial cancer : Prevention through control of obesity -
5.12.
Ovarian cancer : Complicated etiology and very few preventive options -
5.13.
Prostate cancer : Challenges for prevention, detection, and treatment -
5.14.
Testicular cancer : New inroads into early diagnosis -
5.15.
Bladder cancer : A genotoxic causal agent recognized -
5.16.
Kidney cancer : Multiple risk factors, but currently limited preventive strategies -
5.17.
Brain cancer : Increasing attention on the immune response -
5.18.
Thyroid cancer : The challenge of overdiagnosis -
5.19.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma : Complex etiology, including the role of immune function -
5.20.
Leukaemias : Understanding pathogenesis through similarities and differences -
WHO Report on Cancer: Setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all
-
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6 The basis for, and outcomes from, prevention strategies
-
Tobacco cessation: the WHO perspective : Cessation support can more than double the chance of successfully quitting -
6.1.
Changing behaviour : The need for sustainable implementation -
6.2.
Improving diet and nutrition, physical activity, and body weight : From evidence to practice -
6.3.
Vaccination : The prospect of eliminating some cancer types -
6.4.
Preventive therapy : Certain interventions clearly established -
6.5.
Managing people with high and moderate genetic risk : Genomic tools to promote effective cancer risk reduction -
6.6.
Screening : From biology to public health -
6.7.
Circulating DNA and other biomarkers for early diagnosis : Great potential, but challenges recognized -
6.8.
Governmental action to control carcinogen exposure : Multiple options covering diverse scenarios -
6.9.
Prevention strategies common to noncommunicable diseases : A focus on tobacco, alcohol, obesity, and physical inactivity
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- Disclosures of interests
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