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Review
. 2023 Feb;29(1):1-7.
doi: 10.1007/s13365-023-01118-2. Epub 2023 Jan 31.

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

Milad Zandi  1 , Maryam Shafaati  2 , Paul Shapshak  3 , Seyyed Mohammad Reza Hashemnia  4
Affiliations
Review

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

Milad Zandi et al. J Neurovirol. 2023 Feb.

Abstract

The mammalian brain has an endogenous central circadian clock that regulates central and peripheral cellular activities. At the molecular level, this day-night cycle induces the expression of upstream and downstream transcription factors that influence the immune system and the severity of viral infections over time. In addition, there are also circadian effects on host tolerance pathways. This stimulates adaptation to normal changes in environmental conditions and requirements (including light and food). These rhythms influence the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. The importance of circadian systems in regulating viral infections and the host response to viruses is currently of great importance for clinical management. With the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to address any outbreak of viral infection that could become endemic and to quickly focus research on any knowledge gaps. For example, responses to booster vaccination COVID-19 may have different time-dependent patterns during circadian cycles. There may be a link between reactivation of latently infected viruses and regulation of circadian rhythms. In addition, mammals may show different seasonal antiviral responses in winter and summer. This article discusses the importance of the host circadian clock during monkeypox infection and immune system interactions.

Keywords: Chronobiology; Circadian clocks; Clinical treatment; Infection; Medication; Monkeypox; Rhythms; Vaccination; Virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Circadian oscillations of physiological infection. Most of brain central cells (glial cells and the neurons) and all the body’s peripheral tissues include molecular clocks. The brain’s pacemaker neurons in the SCN (supra-optic chiasmatic nucleus—a central clock) set clocks to the natural cycle of light and night. Almost all cell types have molecular clocks that control gene transcription in association with tissue-specific elements. Potential therapies include those that modify the activity of the central clock (such as light and melatonin, which both influence the sleep–wake cycle), as well as those that target peripheral targets such nucleotide levels, cryptochrome (CRY) stability, and nuclear receptor function [Abbreviation: P: proteins, C: carbohydrates, F: fatty acid, Circadian proteins: (BMAL1, CLOCK, PER, and CRY), SIRTs: sirtuin 1 is conserved mammalian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) dependent histone deacetylase, which is encoded by the SIRT1 gene, SCN: the suprachiasmatic nucleus, often known as the SCN, is a collection of nerve cells (neurons) that functions as the body’s main clock. Direct input from the eyes is sent to the SCN, located in the hypothalamus part of the brain]
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