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Comment
. 2022 Sep:105:106897.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106897. Epub 2022 Sep 9.

Monkeypox virus crosstalk with HIV; where do we stand now?

Maryam Shafaati  1 , Milad Zandi  2 , Om Prakash Choudhary  3
Affiliations
Comment

Monkeypox virus crosstalk with HIV; where do we stand now?

Maryam Shafaati et al. Int J Surg. 2022 Sep.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
HIV infection risk and immune protection against MPXV infection. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are recruited due to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by activated keratinocytes. Monkeypox virus and HIV are both known to be risk factors for inflammation. APCs are activated in local lymph nodes and help activate CD8+, CD4+, and B cells specific to the antigen. Both can spread from APCs to T cells using immune cell trafficking. The inflammatory state also triggers natural killer cells and other innate immune responses. Inflammation causes the invasion of CD4+ T cells, which help clear the virus and serve as HIV target cells, and CD8+ T cells kill virus-infected cells. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are secreted by plasma cells, neutralizing MPXV and preventing the infection from spreading. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages cause apoptosis and phagocytosis, produce anti-inflammatory mediators, and begin the healing process. The monkeypox virus's genome causes several downstream factors to release interferons (IFN I & III), cytokines, and interleukins (IL 1, 6, 10, 18) for an active antiviral immune response during an infection. Abbreviations: TLR9: toll-like receptor 9, IFN: interferons, CK: cytokines, NF-κB: nuclear factor κB, IRF 3 & 7: interferon regulatory factor 3 & 7, IL: interleukin, ISGs: IFN stimulating genes, ER: endoplasmic reticulum.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment on

  • Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report.
    Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, Mamadu I, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Burga J, Ndoreraho A, Nkunzimana E, Manneh L, Mohammed A, Adeoye O, Tom-Aba D, Silenou B, Ipadeola O, Saleh M, Adeyemo A, Nwadiutor I, Aworabhi N, Uke P, John D, Wakama P, Reynolds M, Mauldin MR, Doty J, Wilkins K, Musa J, Khalakdina A, Adedeji A, Mba N, Ojo O, Krause G, Ihekweazu C; CDC Monkeypox Outbreak Team. Yinka-Ogunleye A, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):872-879. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30294-4. Epub 2019 Jul 5. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019. PMID: 31285143 Free PMC article.

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