The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders

doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00115.x

. 2001 Jun;17(2):113-169.

doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00115.x.

The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders

Ward C Wheeler¹, Michael Whiting², Quentin D Wheeler³, James M Carpenter¹

Affiliations

¹ Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024-5192.
² Department of Zoology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
³ Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853.

PMID: 34911238
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00115.x

Free article

The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders

Ward C Wheeler et al. Cladistics. 2001 Jun.

Free article

. 2001 Jun;17(2):113-169.

doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00115.x.

Authors

Ward C Wheeler¹, Michael Whiting², Quentin D Wheeler³, James M Carpenter¹

Affiliations

¹ Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024-5192.
² Department of Zoology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602.
³ Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853.

PMID: 34911238
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00115.x

Abstract

Morphological and molecular data are marshalled to address the question of hexapod ordinal relationships. The combination of 275 morphological variables, 1000 bases of the small subunit nuclear rDNA (18S), and 350 bases of the large subunit nuclear rDNA (28S) are subjected to a variety of analysis parameters (indel and transversion costs). Representatives of each hexapod order are included with most orders represented multiply. Those parameters that minimize character incongruence (ILD of Mickevich and Farris, 1981, Syst. Zool. 30, 351-370), among the morphological and molecular data sets are chosen to generate the best supported cladogram. A well-resolved and robust cladogram of ordinal relationships is produced with the topology (Crustacea ((Chilopoda Diplopoda) ((Collembola Protura) ((Japygina Campodeina) (Archaeognatha (Zygentoma (Ephemerida (Odonata ((((Mantodea Blattaria) Isoptera) Zoraptera) ((Plecoptera Embiidina) (((Orthoptera Phasmida) (Grylloblattaria Dermaptera)) ((((Psocoptera Phthiraptera) Thysanoptera) Hemiptera) ((Neuropteroidea Coleoptera) (((((Strepsiptera Diptera) Mecoptera) Siphonaptera) (Trichoptera Lepidoptera)) Hymenoptera)))))))))))))).

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References

REFERENCES

1. Achtelig M. (1975). Die Abdomenbasis der Neuropteroidea (Insecta, Holometabola). Zoomorphologie 82, 201-242.
1. Achtelig M. (1978). Entwicklung und Morphologie der inneren und äuβeren weiblichen Genitalorgane der Kamelhalsfliegen (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera). Entomol. Ger. 4, 140-163.
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1. Aleshin, V. V., Vladychenskaya, N. S., Kedrova, O. S., Milyutina, I. A. and, Petrov, N. B. 18S rRNA gene sequences variability among Insecta as a phylogenetic tool for this group. Unpublished results.

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[1] Achtelig M. (1975). Die Abdomenbasis der Neuropteroidea (Insecta, Holometabola). Zoomorphologie 82, 201-242.

[2] Achtelig M. (1975). Die Abdomenbasis der Neuropteroidea (Insecta, Holometabola). Zoomorphologie 82, 201-242.

[3] Achtelig M. (1978). Entwicklung und Morphologie der inneren und äuβeren weiblichen Genitalorgane der Kamelhalsfliegen (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera). Entomol. Ger. 4, 140-163.

[4] Achtelig M. (1978). Entwicklung und Morphologie der inneren und äuβeren weiblichen Genitalorgane der Kamelhalsfliegen (Neuropteroidea: Raphidioptera). Entomol. Ger. 4, 140-163.

[5] Adams P.A. (1958). The relationship of the Protoperlaria and the Endopterygota. Psyche 65, 115-127.

[6] Adams P.A. (1958). The relationship of the Protoperlaria and the Endopterygota. Psyche 65, 115-127.

[7] Aldrovanus, U. (1602). De animalibus insectis libri septem, cum singulorum iconibus as vivum expressis. Bologna.

[8] Aldrovanus, U. (1602). De animalibus insectis libri septem, cum singulorum iconibus as vivum expressis. Bologna.

[9] Aleshin, V. V., Vladychenskaya, N. S., Kedrova, O. S., Milyutina, I. A. and, Petrov, N. B. 18S rRNA gene sequences variability among Insecta as a phylogenetic tool for this group. Unpublished results.

[10] Aleshin, V. V., Vladychenskaya, N. S., Kedrova, O. S., Milyutina, I. A. and, Petrov, N. B. 18S rRNA gene sequences variability among Insecta as a phylogenetic tool for this group. Unpublished results.

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The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders

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The Phylogeny of the Extant Hexapod Orders

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Abstract

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