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Review
. 2020 Aug 28;10(9):1696.
doi: 10.3390/nano10091696.

Nanotreatment and Nanodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Recent Updates

Mahmood Barani  1 , Fakhara Sabir  2 , Abbas Rahdar  3 , Rabia Arshad  4 , George Z Kyzas  5
Affiliations
Review

Nanotreatment and Nanodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Recent Updates

Mahmood Barani et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

The fabrication and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of prostate cancer have gained significant appraisal in recent years. Advancements in synthesis of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with charge, particle size, specified geometry, ligand attachment etc have resulted in greater biocompatibility and active targeting at cancer site. Despite all of the advances made over the years in discovering drugs, methods, and new biomarkers for cancer of the prostate (PCa), PCa remains one of the most troubling cancers among people. Early on, effective diagnosis is an essential part of treating prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or serum prostate-specific antigen is the best serum marker widely accessible for diagnosis of PCa. Numerous efforts have been made over the past decade to design new biosensor-based strategies for biomolecules detection and PSA miniaturization biomarkers. The growing nanotechnology is expected to have a significant effect in the immediate future on scientific research and healthcare. Nanotechnology is thus predicted to find a way to solve one of the most and long-standing problem, "early cancer detection". For early diagnosis of PCa biomarkers, different nanoparticles with different approaches have been used. In this review, we provide a brief description of the latest achievements and advances in the use of nanoparticles for PCa biomarker diagnosis.

Keywords: cancer; diagnosis; nanomaterials; prostate; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials in treatment of prostate cancer. Reproduced from [79] with permission from DeGruyter, 2017.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Glucose capped gold nanoaprticles and SeNPs and Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for treatment of PCa. Reproduced from [79] with permission from DeGruyter, 2017.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Polymeric PLGA-PCL and PLA-PCL biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with Docetaxel for targeting PCa. Reproduced from [79] with permission from DeGruyter, 2017.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Liposomes co-encapsulated with curcumin and resveratrol for PCa delivery. Reproduced from [79] with permission from DeGruyter, 2017.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nanotechnology-based diagnostic approaches (nanobiosensors) involving various biomarkers in various body fluids. Reproduced from [134] with permission from DovePress, 2015.
Figure 6
Figure 6
A graphical representation of the MNP-combined oligonucleotide for PCA3 detection in urinary sediments. Reproduced from [94] with permission from Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, 2020.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scheme illustration of targeted prostate cancer radiotherapy using PSMA-targeted AuNPs of various sizes. Reproduced from [158] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Enzyme-free immunosensor platform based on the Fe3O4@ TMU-10 MOF magnetic system and nickel-cadmium quantum dots for detection of PSA. Reproduced from [165] with permission from Elsevier, 2020.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Nano-platform biosensor manufacturing scheme based on carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for detection of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3). Reproduced from [169] with permission from American Chemical Society, 2019.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Schematic illustration of biosensing platform (core-shell hollowed-porous-gold-silver nanoparticles (PHSGNPs) and graphene-poly (3-aminobenzoic acid) (GP-P3ABA)) for PSA detection. Reproduced from [175] with permission from Elsevier, 2019.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic illustration of the pump-free microfluidic chip for the detection of PSA biomarkers. Reproduced from [182] with permission from American Chemical Society, 2019.
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