Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764

Clinical Trial

. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8.

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report

John H Beigel¹, Kay M Tomashek¹, Lori E Dodd¹, Aneesh K Mehta¹, Barry S Zingman¹, Andre C Kalil¹, Elizabeth Hohmann¹, Helen Y Chu¹, Annie Luetkemeyer¹, Susan Kline¹, Diego Lopez de Castilla¹, Robert W Finberg¹, Kerry Dierberg¹, Victor Tapson¹, Lanny Hsieh¹, Thomas F Patterson¹, Roger Paredes¹, Daniel A Sweeney¹, William R Short¹, Giota Touloumi¹, David Chien Lye¹, Norio Ohmagari¹, Myoung-Don Oh¹, Guillermo M Ruiz-Palacios¹, Thomas Benfield¹, Gerd Fätkenheuer¹, Mark G Kortepeter¹, Robert L Atmar¹, C Buddy Creech¹, Jens Lundgren¹, Abdel G Babiker¹, Sarah Pett¹, James D Neaton¹, Timothy H Burgess¹, Tyler Bonnett¹, Michelle Green¹, Mat Makowski¹, Anu Osinusi¹, Seema Nayak¹, H Clifford Lane¹; ACTT-1 Study Group Members

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

ACTT-1 Study Group Members:
Aneesh K Mehta, Nadine G Rouphael, Jessica J Traenkner, Valeria D Cantos, Ghina Alaaeddine, Barry S Zingman, Robert Grossberg, Paul F Riska, Elizabeth Hohmann, Mariam Torres-Soto, Nikolaus Jilg, Helen Y Chu, Anna Wald, Margaret Green, Annie Luetkemeyer, Pierre-Cedric B Crouch, Hannah Jang, Susan Kline, Joanne Billings, Brooke Noren, Diego Lopez de Castilla, Jason W Van Winkle, Francis X Riedo, Robert W Finberg, Jennifer P Wang, Mireya Wessolossky, Kerry Dierberg, Benjamin Eckhardt, Henry J Neumann, Victor Tapson, Jonathan Grein, Fayyaz Sutterwala, Lanny Hsieh, Alpesh N Amin, Thomas F Patterson, Heta Javeri, Trung Vu, Roger Paredes, Lourdes Mateu, Daniel A Sweeney, Constance A Benson, Farhana Ali, William R Short, Pablo Tebas, Jessie Torgersen, Giota Touloumi, Vicky Gioukari, David Chien Lye, Sean W X Ong, Norio Ohmagari, Ayako Mikami, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Jakob J Malin, Philipp Koehler, Andre C Kalil, LuAnn Larson, Angela Hewlett, Mark G Kortepeter, C Buddy Creech, Isaac Thomsen, Todd W Rice, Babafemi Taiwo, Karen Krueger, Stuart H Cohen, George R Thompson 3rd, Cameron Wolfe, Emmanuel B Walter, Maria Frank, Heather Young, Ann R Falsey, Angela R Branche, Paul Goepfert, Nathaniel Erdmann, Otto O Yang, Jenny Ahn, Anna Goodman, Blair Merrick, Richard M Novak, Andrea Wendrow, Henry Arguinchona, Christa Arguinchona, Sarah L George, Janice Tennant, Robert L Atmar, Hana M El Sahly, Jennifer Whitaker, D Ashley Price, Christopher J A Duncan, Simeon Metallidis, Theofilos Chrysanthidis, Susan L F McLellan, Myoung-Don Oh, Wan Beom Park, Eu Suk Kim, Jongtak Jung, Justin R Ortiz, Karen L Kotloff, Brian Angus, Jack David Germain Seymour, Noreen A Hynes, Lauren M Sauer, Neera Ahuja, Kari Nadeau, Patrick E H Jackson, Taison D Bell, Anastasia Antoniadou, Konstantinos Protopapas, Richard T Davey, Jocelyn D Voell, Jose Muñoz, Montserrat Roldan, Ioannis Kalomenidis, Spyros G Zakynthinos, Catharine I Paules, Fiona McGill, Jane Minton, Nikolaos Koulouris, Zafeiria Barmparessou, Edwin Swiatlo, Kyle Widmer, Nikhil Huprikar, Anuradha Ganesan, Guillermo M Ruiz-Palacios, Alfredo Ponce de León, Sandra Rajme, Justino Regalado Pineda, José Arturo Martinez-Orozco, Mark Holodniy, Aarthi Chary, Timo Wolf, Christoph Stephan, Jan-Christian Wasmuth, Christoph Boesecke, Martin Llewelyn, Barbara Philips, Christopher J Colombo, Rhonda E Colombo, David A Lindholm, Katrin Mende, Tida Lee, Tahaniyat Lalani, Ryan C Maves, Gregory C Utz, Jens Lundgren, Marie Helleberg, Jan Gerstoft, Thomas Benfield, Tomas Jensen, Birgitte Lindegaard, Lothar Weise, Lene Knudsen, Isik Johansen, Lone W Madsen, Lars Østergaard, Nina Stærke, Henrik Nielsen, Abdel G Babiker, Sarah Pett, James D Neaton, David S Stephens, Timothy H Burgess, Timothy M Uyeki, Robert Walker, G Lynn Marks, Anu Osinusi, Huyen Cao, Kevin K Chung, Susan E Chambers, Michelle Green, Mat Makowski, Jennifer L Ferreira, Michael R Wierzbicki, Tyler Bonnett, Nikki Gettinger, Theresa Engel, Jing Wang, John H Beigel, Kay M Tomashek, Seema Nayak, Lori E Dodd, Walla Dempsey, Effie Nomicos, Marina Lee, Peter Wolff, Rhonda Pikaart-Tautges, Mohamed Elsafy, Robert Jurao, Hyung Koo, Michael Proschan, Dean Follmann, H Clifford Lane

Affiliation

¹ From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) - all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical Center-Albert Einstein College of Medicine (B.S.Z.) and NYU Langone Health and NYC Health and Hospitals-Bellevue (K.D.), New York; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.C.K., M.G.K.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (E.H.), and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (R.W.F.); University of Washington, Seattle (H.Y.C.), and Evergreen Health Medical Center, Kirkland (D.L.C.) - both in Washington; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.L.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (V.T.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (L.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.S.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.) - all in California; University of Minnesota (S.K.) and University of Minnesota School of Public Health and INSIGHT (J.D.N.), Minneapolis; University of Texas Health San Antonio, University Health System, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (T.F.P.), and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A.); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.R.S.); Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (G.T.); National Center for Infectious Diseases-Tan Tock Seng Hospital-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore (D.C.L.); the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo (N.O.); Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (M.O.); Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City (G.M.R.-P.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre (T. Benfield), and Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases (CHIP) and INSIGHT, Copenhagen (J.L.) - both in Denmark; University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (G.F.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (C.B.C.); and University College London, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL and INSIGHT, London (A.G.B., S.P.).

PMID: 32445440
PMCID: PMC7262788
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764

Clinical Trial

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report

John H Beigel et al. N Engl J Med. 2020.

. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8.

Authors

Collaborators

ACTT-1 Study Group Members:
Aneesh K Mehta, Nadine G Rouphael, Jessica J Traenkner, Valeria D Cantos, Ghina Alaaeddine, Barry S Zingman, Robert Grossberg, Paul F Riska, Elizabeth Hohmann, Mariam Torres-Soto, Nikolaus Jilg, Helen Y Chu, Anna Wald, Margaret Green, Annie Luetkemeyer, Pierre-Cedric B Crouch, Hannah Jang, Susan Kline, Joanne Billings, Brooke Noren, Diego Lopez de Castilla, Jason W Van Winkle, Francis X Riedo, Robert W Finberg, Jennifer P Wang, Mireya Wessolossky, Kerry Dierberg, Benjamin Eckhardt, Henry J Neumann, Victor Tapson, Jonathan Grein, Fayyaz Sutterwala, Lanny Hsieh, Alpesh N Amin, Thomas F Patterson, Heta Javeri, Trung Vu, Roger Paredes, Lourdes Mateu, Daniel A Sweeney, Constance A Benson, Farhana Ali, William R Short, Pablo Tebas, Jessie Torgersen, Giota Touloumi, Vicky Gioukari, David Chien Lye, Sean W X Ong, Norio Ohmagari, Ayako Mikami, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Jakob J Malin, Philipp Koehler, Andre C Kalil, LuAnn Larson, Angela Hewlett, Mark G Kortepeter, C Buddy Creech, Isaac Thomsen, Todd W Rice, Babafemi Taiwo, Karen Krueger, Stuart H Cohen, George R Thompson 3rd, Cameron Wolfe, Emmanuel B Walter, Maria Frank, Heather Young, Ann R Falsey, Angela R Branche, Paul Goepfert, Nathaniel Erdmann, Otto O Yang, Jenny Ahn, Anna Goodman, Blair Merrick, Richard M Novak, Andrea Wendrow, Henry Arguinchona, Christa Arguinchona, Sarah L George, Janice Tennant, Robert L Atmar, Hana M El Sahly, Jennifer Whitaker, D Ashley Price, Christopher J A Duncan, Simeon Metallidis, Theofilos Chrysanthidis, Susan L F McLellan, Myoung-Don Oh, Wan Beom Park, Eu Suk Kim, Jongtak Jung, Justin R Ortiz, Karen L Kotloff, Brian Angus, Jack David Germain Seymour, Noreen A Hynes, Lauren M Sauer, Neera Ahuja, Kari Nadeau, Patrick E H Jackson, Taison D Bell, Anastasia Antoniadou, Konstantinos Protopapas, Richard T Davey, Jocelyn D Voell, Jose Muñoz, Montserrat Roldan, Ioannis Kalomenidis, Spyros G Zakynthinos, Catharine I Paules, Fiona McGill, Jane Minton, Nikolaos Koulouris, Zafeiria Barmparessou, Edwin Swiatlo, Kyle Widmer, Nikhil Huprikar, Anuradha Ganesan, Guillermo M Ruiz-Palacios, Alfredo Ponce de León, Sandra Rajme, Justino Regalado Pineda, José Arturo Martinez-Orozco, Mark Holodniy, Aarthi Chary, Timo Wolf, Christoph Stephan, Jan-Christian Wasmuth, Christoph Boesecke, Martin Llewelyn, Barbara Philips, Christopher J Colombo, Rhonda E Colombo, David A Lindholm, Katrin Mende, Tida Lee, Tahaniyat Lalani, Ryan C Maves, Gregory C Utz, Jens Lundgren, Marie Helleberg, Jan Gerstoft, Thomas Benfield, Tomas Jensen, Birgitte Lindegaard, Lothar Weise, Lene Knudsen, Isik Johansen, Lone W Madsen, Lars Østergaard, Nina Stærke, Henrik Nielsen, Abdel G Babiker, Sarah Pett, James D Neaton, David S Stephens, Timothy H Burgess, Timothy M Uyeki, Robert Walker, G Lynn Marks, Anu Osinusi, Huyen Cao, Kevin K Chung, Susan E Chambers, Michelle Green, Mat Makowski, Jennifer L Ferreira, Michael R Wierzbicki, Tyler Bonnett, Nikki Gettinger, Theresa Engel, Jing Wang, John H Beigel, Kay M Tomashek, Seema Nayak, Lori E Dodd, Walla Dempsey, Effie Nomicos, Marina Lee, Peter Wolff, Rhonda Pikaart-Tautges, Mohamed Elsafy, Robert Jurao, Hyung Koo, Michael Proschan, Dean Follmann, H Clifford Lane

Affiliation

¹ From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) - all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical Center-Albert Einstein College of Medicine (B.S.Z.) and NYU Langone Health and NYC Health and Hospitals-Bellevue (K.D.), New York; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.C.K., M.G.K.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (E.H.), and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (R.W.F.); University of Washington, Seattle (H.Y.C.), and Evergreen Health Medical Center, Kirkland (D.L.C.) - both in Washington; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.L.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (V.T.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (L.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.S.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.) - all in California; University of Minnesota (S.K.) and University of Minnesota School of Public Health and INSIGHT (J.D.N.), Minneapolis; University of Texas Health San Antonio, University Health System, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (T.F.P.), and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A.); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.R.S.); Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (G.T.); National Center for Infectious Diseases-Tan Tock Seng Hospital-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore (D.C.L.); the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo (N.O.); Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (M.O.); Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City (G.M.R.-P.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre (T. Benfield), and Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases (CHIP) and INSIGHT, Copenhagen (J.L.) - both in Denmark; University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (G.F.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (C.B.C.); and University College London, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL and INSIGHT, London (A.G.B., S.P.).

PMID: 32445440
PMCID: PMC7262788
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764

Abstract

Background: Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious.

Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only.

Results: A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%).

Conclusions: Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.).

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Figures

**Figure 1. Enrollment and Randomization.**

**Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier Estimates of Cumulative Recoveries.**
Cumulative recovery estimates are shown in the overall population (Panel A), in patients with a baseline score of 4 on the ordinal scale (not receiving oxygen; Panel B), in those with a baseline score of 5 (receiving oxygen; Panel C), in those with a baseline score of 6 (receiving high-flow oxygen or noninvasive mechanical ventilation; Panel D), and in those with a baseline score of 7 (receiving mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]; Panel E).

**Figure 3. Time to Recovery According to Subgroup.**
The widths of the confidence intervals have not been adjusted for multiplicity and therefore cannot be used to infer treatment effects. Race and ethnic group were reported by the patients.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Remdesivir - An Important First Step.
Dolin R, Hirsch MS. Dolin R, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1886-1887. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2018715. Epub 2020 May 27. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32459913 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
[Remdesivir til behandling af COVID-19-pneumoni].
Benfiels T, Jensen TØ, Johansen IS, Nielsen H, Wiese L, Østergaard L, Lundgren J. Benfiels T, et al. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020 Jun 8;182(24):V205031. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020. PMID: 32515337 Danish. No abstract available.
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.
Gillenwater S, Rahaghi F, Hadeh A. Gillenwater S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):992. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2022236. Epub 2020 Jul 10. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32649074 No abstract available.
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.
McMahon JH, Udy A, Peleg AY. McMahon JH, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):992-993. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2022236. Epub 2020 Jul 10. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32649075 No abstract available.
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.
McCaw ZR, Kim DH, Wei LJ. McCaw ZR, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):993. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2022236. Epub 2020 Jul 10. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32649076 No abstract available.
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.
Olalla J. Olalla J. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):993-994. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2022236. Epub 2020 Jul 10. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32649077 No abstract available.
The Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial-1 (ACTT-1) in a real-world population: a comparative observational study.
Frost MT, Jimenez-Solem E, Ankarfeldt MZ, Nyeland ME, Andreasen AH, Petersen TS. Frost MT, et al. Crit Care. 2020 Dec 7;24(1):677. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03406-3. Crit Care. 2020. PMID: 33287853 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

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Fewer COVID-19 Neurological Complications with Dexamethasone and Remdesivir.
Grundmann A, Wu CH, Hardwick M, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJM, Semple MG, Böhning D, Pett S, Michael BD, Thomas RH, Galea I; ISARIC4C investigators. Grundmann A, et al. Ann Neurol. 2023 Jan;93(1):88-102. doi: 10.1002/ana.26536. Epub 2022 Nov 9. Ann Neurol. 2023. PMID: 36261315 Free PMC article.

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References

1. Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med 2020;9(4):E1225-E1225. - PMC - PubMed
1. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-1799. - PMC - PubMed
1. Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, et al. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(4):e208857-e208857. - PubMed
1. The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 — preliminary report. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:222-222. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med 2020;9(4):E1225-E1225. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. The COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Clin Med 2020;9(4):E1225-E1225. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-1799. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-1799. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, et al. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(4):e208857-e208857. - PubMed

[6] Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, et al. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(4):e208857-e208857. - PubMed

[7] The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 — preliminary report. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 — preliminary report. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:222-222. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:222-222. - PMC - PubMed

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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report

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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report

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