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. 2020 Aug 15:181:115942.
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115942. Epub 2020 May 16.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area

Walter Randazzo  1 , Pilar Truchado  2 , Enric Cuevas-Ferrando  3 , Pedro Simón  4 , Ana Allende  2 , Gloria Sánchez  5
Affiliations

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area

Walter Randazzo et al. Water Res. .

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 200,000 reported COVID-19 cases in Spain resulting in more than 20,800 deaths as of April 21, 2020. Faecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from COVID-19 patients has extensively been reported. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in six wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) serving the major municipalities within the Region of Murcia (Spain), the area with the lowest COVID-19 prevalence within Iberian Peninsula. Firstly, an aluminum hydroxide adsorption-precipitation concentration method was validated using a porcine coronavirus (Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, PEDV) and mengovirus (MgV). The procedure resulted in average recoveries of 10 ± 3.5% and 10 ± 2.1% in influent water (n = 2) and 3.3 ± 1.6% and 6.2 ± 1.0% in effluent water (n = 2) samples for PEDV and MgV, respectively. Then, the method was used to monitor the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 from March 12 to April 14, 2020 in influent, secondary and tertiary effluent water samples. By using the real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) Diagnostic Panel validated by US CDC that targets three regions of the virus nucleocapsid (N) gene, we estimated quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in untreated wastewater samples of 5.4 ± 0.2 log10 genomic copies/L on average. Two secondary water samples resulted positive (2 out of 18) and all tertiary water samples tested as negative (0 out 12). This environmental surveillance data were compared to declared COVID-19 cases at municipality level, revealing that members of the community were shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their stool even before the first cases were reported by local or national authorities in many of the cities where wastewaters have been sampled. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in early stages of the spread of COVID-19 highlights the relevance of this strategy as an early indicator of the infection within a specific population. At this point, this environmental surveillance could be implemented by municipalities right away as a tool, designed to help authorities to coordinate the exit strategy to gradually lift its coronavirus lockdown.

Keywords: Concentration protocol; Coronavirus; Environmental surveillance; Influent water; RNA virus; Reclaimed water.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Maps of the sampling location. Symbols represents WWTPs and are sized according to the number of equivalent inhabitants (inh.).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean amplification cycles of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in influent, secondary and tertiary effluent waters in monitored WWTPs within Murcia Region (Spain). Results are reported for each of the three regions of the virus nucleocapsid (N) gene according to the first version of the Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel by US CDC. Abbreviations: , negative; white boxes, not tested.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 by wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR in six municipalities.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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