Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1736-8

. 2019 Nov;575(7782):330-335.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1736-8. Epub 2019 Nov 13.

Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing

Mark A Skylar-Scott^#^{1

2}, Jochen Mueller^#^{1

2}, Claas W Visser^{1

2}, Jennifer A Lewis^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
² Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. jalewis@seas.harvard.edu.
⁴ Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. jalewis@seas.harvard.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 31723289
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1736-8

Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing

Mark A Skylar-Scott et al. Nature. 2019 Nov.

. 2019 Nov;575(7782):330-335.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1736-8. Epub 2019 Nov 13.

Authors

Mark A Skylar-Scott^#^{1

2}, Jochen Mueller^#^{1

2}, Claas W Visser^{1

2}, Jennifer A Lewis^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
² Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. jalewis@seas.harvard.edu.
⁴ Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. jalewis@seas.harvard.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 31723289
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1736-8

Abstract

There is growing interest in voxelated matter that is designed and fabricated voxel by voxel^1-4. Currently, inkjet-based three-dimensional (3D) printing is the only widely adopted method that is capable of creating 3D voxelated materials with high precision^1-4, but the physics of droplet formation requires the use of low-viscosity inks to ensure successful printing⁵. By contrast, direct ink writing, an extrusion-based 3D printing method, is capable of patterning a much broader range of materials^6-13. However, it is difficult to generate multimaterial voxelated matter by extruding monolithic cylindrical filaments in a layer-by-layer manner. Here we report the design and fabrication of voxelated soft matter using multimaterial multinozzle 3D (MM3D) printing, in which the composition, function and structure of the materials are programmed at the voxel scale. Our MM3D printheads exploit the diode-like behaviour that arises when multiple viscoelastic materials converge at a junction to enable seamless, high-frequency switching between up to eight different materials to create voxels with a volume approaching that of the nozzle diameter cubed. As exemplars, we fabricate a Miura origami pattern¹⁴ and a millipede-like soft robot that locomotes by co-printing multiple epoxy and silicone elastomer inks of stiffness varying by several orders of magnitude. Our method substantially broadens the palette of voxelated materials that can be designed and manufactured in complex motifs.

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Comment in

How to print multi-material devices in one go.
Overvelde JTB. Overvelde JTB. Nature. 2019 Nov;575(7782):289-290. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-03408-4. Nature. 2019. PMID: 31723292 No abstract available.

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References

1. Hosny, A. et al. From improved diagnostics to presurgical planning: high-resolution functionally graded multimaterial 3D printing of biomedical tomographic data sets. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 5, 103–113 (2018).
1. Bader, C. et al. Making data matter: voxel printing for the digital fabrication of data across scales and domains. Sci. Adv. 4, eaas8652 (2018). - DOI
1. Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T., Richmond, D. J. & Buehler, M. J. Bioinspired hierarchical composite design using machine learning: simulation, additive manufacturing, and experiment. Mater. Horiz. 5, 939–945 (2018). - DOI
1. Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T. & Buehler, M. J. De novo composite design based on machine learning algorithm. Extreme Mech. Lett. 18, 19–28 (2018). - DOI
1. Jang, D., Kim, D. & Moon, J. Influence of fluid physical properties on ink-jet printability. Langmuir 25, 2629–2635 (2009). - DOI

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[1] Hosny, A. et al. From improved diagnostics to presurgical planning: high-resolution functionally graded multimaterial 3D printing of biomedical tomographic data sets. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 5, 103–113 (2018).

[2] Hosny, A. et al. From improved diagnostics to presurgical planning: high-resolution functionally graded multimaterial 3D printing of biomedical tomographic data sets. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf. 5, 103–113 (2018).

[3] Bader, C. et al. Making data matter: voxel printing for the digital fabrication of data across scales and domains. Sci. Adv. 4, eaas8652 (2018). - DOI

[4] Bader, C. et al. Making data matter: voxel printing for the digital fabrication of data across scales and domains. Sci. Adv. 4, eaas8652 (2018). - DOI

[5] Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T., Richmond, D. J. & Buehler, M. J. Bioinspired hierarchical composite design using machine learning: simulation, additive manufacturing, and experiment. Mater. Horiz. 5, 939–945 (2018). - DOI

[6] Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T., Richmond, D. J. & Buehler, M. J. Bioinspired hierarchical composite design using machine learning: simulation, additive manufacturing, and experiment. Mater. Horiz. 5, 939–945 (2018). - DOI

[7] Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T. & Buehler, M. J. De novo composite design based on machine learning algorithm. Extreme Mech. Lett. 18, 19–28 (2018). - DOI

[8] Gu, G. X., Chen, C. T. & Buehler, M. J. De novo composite design based on machine learning algorithm. Extreme Mech. Lett. 18, 19–28 (2018). - DOI

[9] Jang, D., Kim, D. & Moon, J. Influence of fluid physical properties on ink-jet printability. Langmuir 25, 2629–2635 (2009). - DOI

[10] Jang, D., Kim, D. & Moon, J. Influence of fluid physical properties on ink-jet printability. Langmuir 25, 2629–2635 (2009). - DOI

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Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing

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