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Review
. 2019 Feb 20:13:21.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00021. eCollection 2019.

Intrapancreatic Ganglia and Neural Regulation of Pancreatic Endocrine Secretion

Wenjing Li  1 , Guangjiao Yu  2 , Yudan Liu  1 , Lei Sha  1
Affiliations
Review

Intrapancreatic Ganglia and Neural Regulation of Pancreatic Endocrine Secretion

Wenjing Li et al. Front Neurosci. .

Abstract

Extrapancreatic nerves project to pancreatic islets directly or converge onto intrapancreatic ganglia. Intrapancreatic ganglia constitute a complex information-processing center that contains various neurotransmitters and forms an endogenous neural network. Both intrapancreatic ganglia and extrapancreatic nerves have an important influence on pancreatic endocrine function. This review introduces the histomorphology, innervation, neurochemistry, and electrophysiological properties of intrapancreatic ganglia/neurons, and summarizes the modulatory effects of intrapancreatic ganglia and extrapancreatic nerves on endocrine function.

Keywords: extrapancreatic nerves; insulin; intrapancreatic ganglia; islet; pancreas.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Innervation of intrapancreatic ganglia. Intrapancreatic ganglia receive inputs from sympathetic fibers (red), parasympathetic fibers (green), enteric plexus (brown), and nerves of other intrapancreatic ganglia. The parasympathetic efferent fibers (green solid line) originate from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and ambiguous nucleus, whereas the cell bodies of sympathetic efferent fibers (red solid line) project from the lateral horn of the spinal cord to the celiac ganglia (CG), superior mesenteric ganglia (SMG), or paravertebral ganglia (not show in the Figure). The cell bodies of parasympathetic (green dashed line) and sympathetic (red dashed line) afferents are positioned in the nodose ganglia (NG) and the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Neurotransmitters are released from both extrinsic nerves and intrinsic intrapancreatic ganglia. Neurotransmitters are, respectively released from parasympathetic fibers, sympathetic fibers, sensory fibers, enteric fibers, the intrapancreatic ganglionic fibers. ACh, acetylcholine; GRP, gastrin-releasing peptide; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; NO, nitric oxide; NE, noradrenaline; NPY, neuropeptide Y; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; 5-HT, serotonin; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; SP, substance P.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of neurotransmitters on insulin secretion. Neurotransmitters modulate the insulin secretion by activating different receptors both directly at the islets and indirectly at the ganglionic level. ACh, acetylcholine; GRP, gastrin-releasing peptide; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; NO, nitric oxide; NE, noradrenaline; NPY, neuropeptide Y; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; 5-HT, serotonin; CCK, cholecystokinin; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; SP, substance P.
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