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. 2018 Jul;48(8):657-670.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.02.003. Epub 2018 Apr 3.

Primers targeting mitochondrial genes of avian haemosporidians: PCR detection and differential DNA amplification of parasites belonging to different genera

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Primers targeting mitochondrial genes of avian haemosporidians: PCR detection and differential DNA amplification of parasites belonging to different genera

M Andreína Pacheco et al. Int J Parasitol. 2018 Jul.

Abstract

Haemosporida is a diverse group of vector-borne parasitic protozoa, ubiquitous in terrestrial vertebrates worldwide. The renewed interest in their diversity has been driven by the extensive use of molecular methods targeting mitochondrial genes. Unfortunately, most studies target a 478 bp fragment of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, which often cannot be used to separate lineages from different genera found in mixed infections that are common in wildlife. In this investigation, an alignment constructed with 114 mitochondrial genome sequences belonging to four genera (Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Hepatocystis) was used to design two different sets of primers targeting the cytb gene as well as the other two mitochondrial DNA genes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3. The design of each pair of primers required consideration of different criteria, including a set for detection and another for differential amplification of DNA from parasites belonging to different avian haemosporidians. All pairs of primers were tested in three laboratories to assess their sensitivity and specificity under diverse practices and across isolates from different genera including single and natural mixed infections as well as experimental mixed infections. Overall, these primers exhibited high sensitivity regardless of the differences in laboratory practices, parasite species, and parasitemias. Furthermore, those primers designed to separate parasite genera showed high specificity, as confirmed by sequencing. In the case of cytb, a nested multiplex (single tube PCR) test was designed and successfully tested to differentially detect lineages of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites by yielding amplicons with different sizes detectable in a standard agarose gel. To our knowledge, the designed assay is the first test for detection and differentiation of species belonging to these two genera in a single PCR. The experiments across laboratories provided recommendations that can be of use to those researchers seeking to standardise these or other primers to the specific needs of their field investigations.

Keywords: Avian malaria; Cytochrome b; Haemoproteus; Mitochondrial genome; Nested-multiplex PCR; Plasmodium; Primers.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Diagram of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) with primer locations for PCR detection (longer fragments, >995 bp) and differential DNA amplification of haemosporidian parasite genera. Primer specificity for differential DNA amplification of haemosporidian parasite genera is shown. Primer locations are indicated by parentheses and are relative to the genes in the alignment, and the amplicon size for each set of primers are in square brackets. The regions that could be amplified using previous published primers are shown for comparation (primers HaemF/HaemR2 and HaemNF1/HaemNR3, Bensch et al. 2000; Hellgren et al. 2004). Cox1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; cox3, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3; cytb: cytochrome b.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Diagram of the experimental design of the current study. Laboratories (Labs): A, Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory at the Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, USA; B, P. B. Šivickis Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Lithuania; and C, Host-Parasite Relationship Laboratory at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia. Cox1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; cox3, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3; and cytb, cytochrome b.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Experimental design and results of a nested multiplex PCR for PCR detection and differential DNA amplification of haemosporidian parasite genera of parasites belonging to Plasmodium (P.) and Haemoproteus (H.) genera. Parasites, linages and parasitemias are shown. The numbers correspond to the parasite species and the combination of experimental mixed infection used to test this protocol. (A) Evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases Laboratory. at the Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University-USA, (B) P. B. Šivickis Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Lithuania, and (C) Host-Parasite Relationship Laboratory at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia (see Fig. 2). *Correspond to the Haemoproteus lineage and # no lineage has been identified for Leucocytozoon danilewskyi. Plasm., Plasmodium.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Bayesian phylogenetic hypotheses of avian haemosporidian parasites based on the partial cytochrome b gene (cytb) sequence (70 sequences, 479 bp (A) and 1109 bp (B)). The values at the nodes are posterior probabilities. Branches show the haemosporidian genera. Species names are shown in bold.

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