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Review
. 2017 Nov 8:6:39-49.
doi: 10.2147/OV.S145262. eCollection 2017.

Oncolytic virus delivery: from nano-pharmacodynamics to enhanced oncolytic effect

Raquel Yokoda  1 , Bolni M Nagalo  1 , Brent Vernon  2 , Rahmi Oklu  3 , Hassan Albadawi  3 , Thomas T DeLeon  1 , Yumei Zhou  1 , Jan B Egan  1 , Dan G Duda  4 , Mitesh J Borad  1
Affiliations
Review

Oncolytic virus delivery: from nano-pharmacodynamics to enhanced oncolytic effect

Raquel Yokoda et al. Oncolytic Virother. .

Abstract

With the advancement of a growing number of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to clinical development, drug delivery is becoming an important barrier to overcome for optimal therapeutic benefits. Host immunity, tumor microenvironment and abnormal vascularity contribute to inefficient vector delivery. A number of novel approaches for enhanced OV delivery are under evaluation, including use of nanoparticles, immunomodulatory agents and complex viral-particle ligands along with manipulations of the tumor microenvironment. This field of OV delivery has quickly evolved to bioengineering of complex nanoparticles that could be deposited within the tumor using minimal invasive image-guided delivery. Some of the strategies include ultrasound (US)-mediated cavitation-enhanced extravasation, magnetic viral complexes delivery, image-guided infusions with focused US and targeting photodynamic virotherapy. In addition, strategies that modulate tumor microenvironment to decrease extracellular matrix deposition and increase viral propagation are being used to improve tumor penetration by OVs. Some involve modification of the viral genome to enhance their tumoral penetration potential. Here, we highlight the barriers to oncolytic viral delivery, and discuss the challenges to improving it and the perspectives of establishing new modes of active delivery to achieve enhanced oncolytic effects.

Keywords: drug delivery systems; oncolytic virotherapy; oncolytic viruses; tumor microenvironment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure The authors report no conflict of interest in this work.

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