Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins

doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.014

. 2017 Sep 7;21(3):349-358.e6.

doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.014. Epub 2017 Aug 17.

Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins

Ki-Jun Yoon¹, Guang Song², Xuyu Qian³, Jianbo Pan⁴, Dan Xu⁵, Hee-Sool Rho², Nam-Shik Kim¹, Christa Habela⁶, Lily Zheng⁷, Fadi Jacob⁸, Feiran Zhang⁹, Emily M Lee¹⁰, Wei-Kai Huang¹¹, Francisca Rojas Ringeling¹², Caroline Vissers¹³, Cui Li¹⁴, Ling Yuan¹⁴, Koeun Kang¹⁵, Sunghan Kim¹⁵, Junghoon Yeo¹⁵, Yichen Cheng¹⁰, Sheng Liu⁴, Zhexing Wen¹⁶, Cheng-Feng Qin¹⁷, Qingfeng Wu¹⁴, Kimberly M Christian¹⁸, Hengli Tang¹⁰, Peng Jin⁹, Zhiheng Xu¹⁴, Jiang Qian⁴, Heng Zhu², Hongjun Song¹⁹, Guo-Li Ming²⁰

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
² Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
³ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁵ Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁷ The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁸ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁹ Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
¹¹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹² Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹³ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹⁴ Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
¹⁵ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
¹⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
¹⁹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
²⁰ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: gming@mail.med.upenn.edu.

PMID: 28826723
PMCID: PMC5600197
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.014

Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins

Ki-Jun Yoon et al. Cell Stem Cell. 2017.

. 2017 Sep 7;21(3):349-358.e6.

doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.014. Epub 2017 Aug 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
² Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
³ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁵ Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁷ The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁸ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁹ Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
¹¹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹² Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹³ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹⁴ Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
¹⁵ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
¹⁸ Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
¹⁹ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Human Genetic Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
²⁰ Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Bioengineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: gming@mail.med.upenn.edu.

PMID: 28826723
PMCID: PMC5600197
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.014

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) directly infects neural progenitors and impairs their proliferation. How ZIKV interacts with the host molecular machinery to impact neurogenesis in vivo is not well understood. Here, by systematically introducing individual proteins encoded by ZIKV into the embryonic mouse cortex, we show that expression of ZIKV-NS2A, but not Dengue virus (DENV)-NS2A, leads to reduced proliferation and premature differentiation of radial glial cells and aberrant positioning of newborn neurons. Mechanistically, in vitro mapping of protein-interactomes and biochemical analysis suggest interactions between ZIKA-NS2A and multiple adherens junction complex (AJ) components. Functionally, ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, destabilizes the AJ complex, resulting in impaired AJ formation and aberrant radial glial fiber scaffolding in the embryonic mouse cortex. Similarly, ZIKA-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, reduces radial glial cell proliferation and causes AJ deficits in human forebrain organoids. Together, our results reveal pathogenic mechanisms underlying ZIKV infection in the developing mammalian brain.

Keywords: Zika virus; adherens junction; cortical neurogenesis; flavivirus; human organoid; human protein microarray; microcephaly; neural stem cell; neuronal migration; radial glial cell.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Figures

**Figure 1. ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, dysregulates radial glial cells in the embryonic mouse cortex**
Embryonic mouse cortex was electroporated at E14.5 to express GFP, GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, or GFP and DENV-NS2A, followed by EdU labeling 2 hr before analysis at E17.5. Sample confocal images of immunostaining for Pax6 (A), Tbr2 (B), Tuj1 (C) and GFP, and staining for EdU and DAPI are shown. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, B, C). The regions in white boxes (top panels) are shown at a higher magnification (bottom panels). Quantifications are also shown (D–I). Values represent mean + SEM (n = 5–7 sections from 3–4 animals; ***: P < 0.001; **: *P <* 0.01; One-way ANOVA). Also see Figure S1 and S2.

**Figure 2. ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, expression leads to aberrant localization of neurons in the developing mouse cortex**
(A) Embryonic mouse cortex was electroporated at E14.5 to express GFP, or GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, followed by analysis at E19.5. Sample confocal images of immunostaining for SATB2, CTIP2 and GFP, and staining for DAPI are shown. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Scatter plots and summary of cell body position of GFP⁺SATB2⁺ neurons and GFP⁻CTIP2⁺ neurons in the mouse cortex at E19.5. The distance of each cell to the apical surface was normalized to the total thickness of the neocortex. Each dot represents one neuron. The box plots show the medians (line), means (square), interquartile ranges (box; 25–75%), and extremes of the distribution (whisker; 99%: upper crosshatch; 1%: lower crosshatch) (n = 8 sections from 4 animals for each condition; ** P < 0.01; n.s. P > 0.1; Student’s t-test).

**Figure 3. Protein-protein interactomes of ZIKV-NS2A and DENV-NS2A across the human proteome**
(A) 143 and 47 direct ZIKV-NS2A and DENV-NS2A interacting proteins were identified in vitro using a protein array containing 20,240 full-length human proteins. Among 143 ZIKV-NS2A interacting proteins, 83 proteins can be visualized in a connected network based on existing literatures (P < 4.91 × 10⁻¹³; STRING analysis), whereas the remaining 60 proteins are singletons. ZIKV-NS2A-specific interacting proteins are coded in gray and adhesion-related proteins are highlighted with circles. (B) Sample western blot images of co-IP analysis of HEK293 cells expressing GFP, ZIKV-NS2A and GFP, or DENV and GFP, and analyzed for adherens junction complex components. Histone H3 served as a negative control for Co-IP. Also see Figure S3.

**Figure 4. ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, expression leads to adherens junction complex component degradation**
(A–B) Sample western blot images of expression levels of adherens junction complex components in mouse neural progenitors infected with ZIKV, expressing ZIKV-NS2A, or expressing DENV-NS2A (A), and quantifications (B). Data were normalized to that of mock infection for the ZIKV infection condition, or to that of GFP expression alone for the ZIKV-NS2A or DENV-NS2A conditions. Values represent mean + SEM (n = 3 cultures; ***: P < 0.001; *: P < 0.05; Student’s t-test). (C–D) Sample western blot images of expression levels of ZO-1 upon 24 hr treatment of DMSO, MG-132 (20 μM), Delanzomib (60 nM) and BFA (100 nM) in HEK293 cells expressing GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, or GFP alone (C), and quantifications (D). Data were first normalized to actin expression levels and then to the data from expression of GFP alone. Values represent mean + SEM (n = 3 cultures; **: P < 0.01; Student’s t-test). (E–F) Sample western blot images of expression levels of ZO-1 and NUMBL upon 24 hr treatment of DMSO, or BFA (100 nM) of mouse cortical neural progenitors expressing GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, or GFP alone (E), and quantifications (F). Data were normalized to that of actin. Values represent mean + SEM (n = 3 cultures; ***: P < 0.001; Student’s t-test). Also see Figure S4.

**Figure 5. ZIKV-NS2A expression and direct ZIKV infection disrupt the formation of adherens junction complex in the embryonic mouse cortex**
(A–B) Embryonic mouse brains were electroporated at E14.5 to express GFP, GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, or GFP and DENV-NS2A, and analyzed at E17.5. Sample confocal images of immunostaining for GFP, β-Catenin (A), or PKCλ and ZO-1 (B), and staining for DAPI under different conditions are shown (left panels). Scale bars: 50 μm. Arrows point to regions with discontinuous AJ formation. Regions in white boxes in (A) are shown at a higher magnification (bottom panels). Quantifications of continuous AJ formation and number of protrusions are also shown (right panels). Values represent mean + SEM (n = 5 sections from 3 animals; ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; Student’s t-test). (C–D) ZIKV-SZ strain was injected into lateral ventricles of E13.5/E14.5 mice. Similar to (A–B), sample confocal images of immunostaining for ZIKV, β-Catenin and ZO-1, and staining for DAPI at E18.5 (left panels) and quantifications of continuous AJ formation at E18.5 and ventricular protrusions at P3 (right panels) are shown. Values represent mean + SEM (n = 6 sections from 4 animals; ***: P < 0.001; *: P < 0.05; Student’s t-test). Also see Figure S5.

**Figure 6. Expression of ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, reduces proliferation and disrupts adherens junction formation of ventricular radial glial cells in human forebrain organoids**
(A) Day 45 forebrain organoids were electroporated to express GFP, GFP and ZIKV-NS2A, or GFP and DENV-NS2A, and analyzed 3 days later (45+3) after pulsing with EdU (10 μM) for 1 hr. Sample confocal images for immunostaining for GFP and PAX6, and staining for EdU and DAPI are shown (top panels). Scale bar: 100 μm. Quantifications of percentages of EdU⁺GFP⁺ cells among all GFP⁺ cells, or GFP⁺PAX6⁺EdU⁺ cells among GFP⁺PAX6⁺ cells are also shown (bottom panels). Values represent mean + SEM (n = 10 organoids; ***: P < 0.001; Student’s t-test). (B) Sample confocal images of immunostaining for GFP, PKCλ, and staining for DAPI are shown (left panels). Scale bar: 100 μm. Arrows point to regions with discontinuous AJ formation. Quantifications of AJ continuity based on PKCλ expression are also shown (right panel). Values represent mean + SEM (n = 9 organoids; **: P < 0.01; Student’s t-test). (C) Expression of ZIKV-NS2A, but not DENV-NS2A, or GFP alone, led to a loss of typical radial glia morphology of PAX6⁺GFP⁺ cells at 7 days after electroporation (45+7). Sample confocal images of immunostaining for GFP and PAX6, and staining for DAPI (left panels; scale bar: 100 μm) and quantification of percentages of GFP⁺PAX6⁺ cells with multipolar morphologies are shown. Values represent mean + SEM (n = 7 organoids; **: P < 0.01; Student’s t-test). Also see Figure S6.

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References

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[1] Agrawal T, Sharvani V, Nair D, Medigeshi GR. Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts cell-cell junctions and affects the epithelial permeability barrier functions. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69465. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Agrawal T, Sharvani V, Nair D, Medigeshi GR. Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts cell-cell junctions and affects the epithelial permeability barrier functions. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69465. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Besnard M, Eyrolle-Guignot D, Guillemette-Artur P, Lastere S, Bost-Bezeaud F, Marcelis L, Abadie V, Garel C, Moutard ML, Jouannic JM, et al. Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro Surveill. 2016:21. - PubMed

[4] Besnard M, Eyrolle-Guignot D, Guillemette-Artur P, Lastere S, Bost-Bezeaud F, Marcelis L, Abadie V, Garel C, Moutard ML, Jouannic JM, et al. Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro Surveill. 2016:21. - PubMed

[5] Brault JB, Khou C, Basset J, Coquand L, Fraisier V, Frenkiel MP, Goud B, Manuguerra JC, Pardigon N, Baffet AD. Comparative Analysis Between Flaviviruses Reveals Specific Neural Stem Cell Tropism for Zika Virus in the Mouse Developing Neocortex. EBioMedicine. 2016;10:71–76. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Brault JB, Khou C, Basset J, Coquand L, Fraisier V, Frenkiel MP, Goud B, Manuguerra JC, Pardigon N, Baffet AD. Comparative Analysis Between Flaviviruses Reveals Specific Neural Stem Cell Tropism for Zika Virus in the Mouse Developing Neocortex. EBioMedicine. 2016;10:71–76. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Buchman JJ, Tsai LH. Spindle regulation in neural precursors of flies and mammals. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:89–100. - PubMed

[8] Buchman JJ, Tsai LH. Spindle regulation in neural precursors of flies and mammals. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:89–100. - PubMed

[9] Chen YT, Stewart DB, Nelson WJ. Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. J Cell Biol. 1999;144:687–699. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Chen YT, Stewart DB, Nelson WJ. Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. J Cell Biol. 1999;144:687–699. - PMC - PubMed

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Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins

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Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins

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