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Review
. 2016 Oct 2;12(10):2501-2511.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1190889. Epub 2016 Jul 25.

Advances in immunotherapy for melanoma management

Mohammed Dany  1   2 , Rose Nganga  2 , Alissar Chidiac  2 , Edith Hanna  2 , Sara Matar  2 , Dirk Elston  1
Affiliations
Review

Advances in immunotherapy for melanoma management

Mohammed Dany et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

Melanoma remains a leading cause of death among young adults. Evidence that melanoma tumor cells are highly immunogenic and a better understanding of T-cell immune checkpoints have changed the therapeutic approach to advanced melanoma. Instead of targeting the tumor directly, immunotherapy targets and activates the immune response using checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and adoptive T cell therapy. This review focuses on the immune signaling and biological mechanisms of action of recent immune-based melanoma therapies as well as their clinical benefits.

Keywords: checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; melanoma; tumor immunology.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
T-cell checkpoint co-stimulatory signals. A T-cell can either be activated or down-regulated depending on co-stimulatory signals. The primary event is the binding of TCR on T-cells to the tumor specific antigen. T-cells are activated if CD28 binds to B7-1/B7-2; however, T-cells are downregulated if B7-1/B7-2 binds to CTLA-4 or if PD-L1/PD-L2 on tumor cells binds to PD-1 receptor on T-cells. Thus, antibodies that can activate B7-1/B7-2 or inhibit CTLA-4 or PD-1 or PD-L1 result in T-cell activation and anti-tumor effects.
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