Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 May 2:10:109.
doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00109. eCollection 2016.

Extracellular Vesicles in Physiology, Pathology, and Therapy of the Immune and Central Nervous System, with Focus on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Tools

Sylwia Koniusz  1 , Anna Andrzejewska  1 , Maurizio Muraca  2 , Amit K Srivastava  3 , Miroslaw Janowski  4 , Barbara Lukomska  1
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular Vesicles in Physiology, Pathology, and Therapy of the Immune and Central Nervous System, with Focus on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Tools

Sylwia Koniusz et al. Front Cell Neurosci. .

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures released by most cell types. They are characterized by a specific set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells. In addition, pathophysiological roles of EVs in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders are well established. In recent years focus has been shifted on therapeutic use of stem cell derived-EVs. Use of stem cell derived-EVs present distinct advantage over the whole stem cells as EVs do not replicate and after intravenous administration, they are less likely to trap inside the lungs. From the therapeutic perspective, the most promising cellular sources of EVs are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easy to obtain and maintain. Therapeutic activity of MSCs has been shown in numerous animal models and the beneficial paracrine effect of MSCs may be mediated by EVs. The various components of MSC derived-EVs such as proteins, lipids, and RNA might play a specific therapeutic role. In this review, we characterize the role of EVs in immune and central nervous system (CNS); present evidences for defective signaling of these vesicles in neurodegeneration and therapeutic role of EVs in CNS.

Keywords: CNS; biomarkers; extracellular vesicles; mesenchymal stromal cells; neurological diseases; transplantation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from parental cells.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The neuronal-glial networks signaling using EVs with potential impact of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived EVs treatment on nervous tissue regeneration.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
In vivo SPECT/CT images of 99mTc-HMPAO-ENVs injected in mice. After intravenous injection of 99mTc-HMPAO-ENVs or 99mTc-HMPAO, SPECT/CT images were acquired at 30 min, 3 h, and 5 h in BALB/c mice. The SPECT/CT imaging showed the significantly intense uptake of 99mTc-HMPAO-ENVs in the liver and radioactivity in the salivary glands and intestine until 5 h. (Reproduced from Hwang et al., 2015.)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Abboud S. L., Bethel C. R., Aron D. C. (1991). Secretion of insulin like growth factor I and insulinlike growth factor-binding proteins by murine bone marrow stromal cells. J. Clin. Invest. 88 470–475. 10.1172/JCI115327 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Admyre C., Grunewald J., Thyberg J., Gripenback S., Tornling G., Eklund A., et al. (2003). Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules are present in human BAL fluid. Eur. Respir. J. 22 578–583. 10.1183/09031936.03.00041703 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Aggarwal S., Pittenger M. F. (2005). Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood 105 1815–1822. 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Agnati L. F., Fuxe K. (2014). Extracellular-vesicle type of volume transmission and tunnelling-nanotube type of wiring transmission add a new dimension to brain neuro-glial networks. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 369 20130505 10.1098/rstb.2013.0505 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Agnati L. F., Guidolin D., Guescini M., Genedani S., Fuxe K. (2010). Understanding wiring and volume transmission. Brain Res. Rev. 64 137–159. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.03.003 - DOI - PubMed