Follicular Helper T Cells
- PMID: 26907215
- DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055605
Follicular Helper T Cells
Abstract
Although T cell help for B cells was described several decades ago, it was the identification of CXCR5 expression by B follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the subsequent discovery of their dependence on BCL6 that led to the recognition of Tfh cells as an independent helper subset and accelerated the pace of discovery. More than 20 transcription factors, together with RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs, control the expression of chemotactic receptors and molecules important for the function and homeostasis of Tfh cells. Tfh cells prime B cells to initiate extrafollicular and germinal center antibody responses and are crucial for affinity maturation and maintenance of humoral memory. In addition to the roles that Tfh cells have in antimicrobial defense, in cancer, and as HIV reservoirs, regulation of these cells is critical to prevent autoimmunity. The realization that follicular T cells are heterogeneous, comprising helper and regulatory subsets, has raised questions regarding a possible division of labor in germinal center B cell selection and elimination.
Keywords: B follicular helper T (Tfh) cell; antibody responses; germinal center.
Similar articles
-
CD25(+) Bcl6(low) T follicular helper cells provide help to maturing B cells in germinal centers of human tonsil.Eur J Immunol. 2015 Jan;45(1):298-308. doi: 10.1002/eji.201444911. Epub 2014 Oct 27. Eur J Immunol. 2015. PMID: 25263533 Free PMC article.
-
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate adjuvantly induces imbalanced humoral immunity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice ascribing to T follicular helper cells hyperfunction.Toxicology. 2014 Oct 3;324:88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.011. Epub 2014 Aug 2. Toxicology. 2014. PMID: 25093321
-
Circulating precursor CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) CXCR5⁺ CD4⁺ T cells indicate Tfh cell activity and promote antibody responses upon antigen reexposure.Immunity. 2013 Oct 17;39(4):770-81. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.09.007. Immunity. 2013. PMID: 24138884
-
T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: Time, space, and function.Immunol Rev. 2019 Mar;288(1):85-96. doi: 10.1111/imr.12740. Immunol Rev. 2019. PMID: 30874350 Free PMC article. Review.
-
T Follicular Helper Cell Heterogeneity.Annu Rev Immunol. 2024 Jun;42(1):127-152. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-102834. Epub 2024 Jun 14. Annu Rev Immunol. 2024. PMID: 38060987 Review.
Cited by
-
Circulating Tfh cell and subsets distribution are associated with low-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination.Mol Med. 2021 Apr 1;27(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s10020-021-00290-7. Mol Med. 2021. PMID: 33794763 Free PMC article.
-
Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand.Pharmaceutics. 2023 Dec 23;16(1):24. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024. Pharmaceutics. 2023. PMID: 38258035 Free PMC article. Review.
-
On the use of adenovirus dodecahedron as a carrier for glycoconjugate vaccines.Glycoconj J. 2021 Aug;38(4):437-446. doi: 10.1007/s10719-021-09999-3. Epub 2021 Apr 14. Glycoconj J. 2021. PMID: 33852106
-
T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion.Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 26;21(17):6144. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176144. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32858901 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Myasthenia Gravis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations.J Clin Med. 2021 May 21;10(11):2235. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112235. J Clin Med. 2021. PMID: 34064035 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
