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Review
. 2016 Apr:86:68-82.
doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.003. Epub 2016 Feb 3.

Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response

Joseph M Aamodt  1 , David W Grainger  2
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response

Joseph M Aamodt et al. Biomaterials. 2016 Apr.

Abstract

Extracellular matrix (ECM) collectively represents a class of naturally derived proteinaceous biomaterials purified from harvested organs and tissues with increasing scientific focus and utility in tissue engineering and repair. This interest stems predominantly from the largely unproven concept that processed ECM biomaterials as natural tissue-derived matrices better integrate with host tissue than purely synthetic biomaterials. Nearly every tissue type has been decellularized and processed for re-use as tissue-derived ECM protein implants and scaffolds. To date, however, little consensus exists for defining ECM compositions or sources that best constitute decellularized biomaterials that might better heal, integrate with host tissues and avoid the foreign body response (FBR). Metrics used to assess ECM performance in biomaterial implants are arbitrary and contextually specific by convention. Few comparisons for in vivo host responses to ECM implants from different sources are published. This review discusses current ECM-derived biomaterials characterization methods including relationships between ECM material compositions from different sources, properties and host tissue response as implants. Relevant preclinical in vivo models are compared along with their associated advantages and limitations, and the current state of various metrics used to define material integration and biocompatibility are discussed. Commonly applied applications of these ECM-derived biomaterials as stand-alone implanted matrices and devices are compared with respect to host tissue responses.

Keywords: Decellularized; ECM; Implants; Integration; Protein scaffolds; Tissue engineering.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representative cartoon of ECM compositional layout indicating cellular engagement with ECM biomolecules and primary components of general ECM space. (Adapted with permission from [1])
Figure 2
Figure 2
Example of residual protein contributions to MS spectra analysis of rat liver decellularized by freeze/thaw, SDS, and Triton X-100 treatment. Results suggest a large decrease in proteins contributing to the total amount in decellularized tissue that contains a significant fraction of non-ECM proteins and residual DNA. Reported values are total number of proteins detected and ng/mg dry weight of DNA. (Adapted with permission from [88])
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