Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 Aug;53(6):4094-4125.
doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9337-5. Epub 2015 Jul 22.

Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ewa Niedzielska  1 , Irena Smaga  1 , Maciej Gawlik  1 , Andrzej Moniczewski  1 , Piotr Stankowicz  1 , Joanna Pera  2 , Małgorzata Filip  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ewa Niedzielska et al. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Aug.

Abstract

The pathophysiologies of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are far from being fully explained. Oxidative stress (OS) has been proposed as one factor that plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by higher levels of OS biomarkers and by lower levels of antioxidant defense biomarkers in the brain and peripheral tissues. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases, based on clinical trials and animal studies. In addition, we analyze the effects of the drug-induced modulation of oxidative balance, and we explore pharmacotherapeutic strategies for OS reduction.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Antioxidant defense molecule; ESR—electron spin resonance; IST—immuno-spin trapping technique; Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant; Oxidative stress biomarker; Parkinson’s disease.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Generation of reactive species (based on [–283])
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Source of radical and OS biomarkers. 8-OHA 2,8-hydroxyadenine, HNE 4-hydroxynonenal, 5-OHC 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-OHU 5-hydroxyuracil, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, 8-OH-Gua 8-hydroxyguanine, AGEs advanced glycation end products, ALES advanced lipid peroxidation end products, AOPP advanced oxidation products, CTL creatol, COX cyclooxygenases, CYP cytochrome P450, ETC electron transport chain, F2-isoPs F2-isoprostanes, F4-NPs F 4-neuroprostanes, HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, HODE hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, HIF-1a hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, IsoF isofuran, LF lipofuscin, LOX lipoxygenases, Lyso PC lysophosphatidylcholines, MPO myeloperoxidase, NOX NADPH oxidases, NFS neurofuran, Opht A ophthalmic acid, GSSG oxidized glutathione, ox-LDL oxidized LDL, GSSG/GSH oxidized/reduced glutathione, Prxs peroxiredoxins, PC protein carbonyl, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TQ/TQH2 tocopherylquinone/tocopheryl hydroquinone, TAC total antioxidant capacity, Tyr tyrosines, UQ/UQH2 ubiquinone/ubiquinol, XO xanthine oxidase
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Li J, O W, Li W, Jiang Z, Ghanbari HA. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:24438–24475. doi: 10.3390/ijms141224438. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Falkowski PG, Godfrey LV. Electrons, life and the evolution of earth’s oxygen cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Ser B, Biol Sci. 2008;363:2705–2716. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0054. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Paiva CN, Bozza MT. Are reactive oxygen species always detrimental to pathogens? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1000–1037. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5447. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Popa-Wagner A, Mitran S, Sivanesan S, Chang E, Buga A (2013) ROS and brain diseases: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Oxidative Med Cell Longevity 2013 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Metodiewa D, KoÅ›ka C. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species: relevance to cyto(neuro)toxic events and neurologic disorders. An overview. Neurotox Res. 2000;1:197–233. doi: 10.1007/BF03033290. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types