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Review
. 2015 Jul;45(4):721-46.
doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Mar 29.

Urinary tract infections: treatment/comparative therapeutics

Shelly J Olin  1 , Joseph W Bartges  2
Affiliations
Review

Urinary tract infections: treatment/comparative therapeutics

Shelly J Olin et al. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2015 Jul.

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when there is compromise of host defense mechanisms and a virulent microbe adheres, multiplies, and persists in a portion of the urinary tract. Most commonly, UTI is caused by bacteria, but fungi and viruses are possible. Urine culture and sensitivity are the gold standards for diagnosis of bacterial UTI. Identifying the location of infection (eg, bladder, kidney, prostate) as well as comorbidities (eg, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression) is essential to guide the diagnostic and therapeutic plan. Antimicrobial agents are the mainstay of therapy for bacterial UTI and selected ideally based on culture and sensitivity.

Keywords: Canine; Cystitis; Feline; Prostatitis; Pyelonephritis; Urinary tract infection; Veterinary medicine.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prevalence of common urinary pathogens: 33%–50% E coli, 25%–33% gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Enterococcus sp), 25%–33% other gram-negative (Proteus sp, Klebsiella sp, Pasteurella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Corynebacterium sp), less than 5% Mycoplasma sp.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Lateral abdominal excretory urography showing a pelvically displaced urinary bladder and renal pelvic dilation (pyelonephritis) due to ascending E coli urinary tract in a 4-year-old spayed female mixed breed dog.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(A) Sagittal ultrasonographic image of the prostate and urinary bladder showing 2 cystic lesions that were abscesses (∗) and (B) purulent prostatic wash fluid due to E coli in a 6-year-old intact male Rhodesian ridgeback.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Blastomyces spp organisms observed by microscopic examination of urine sediment from a 2-year-old castrated male Doberman pinscher.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Microscopic examination of a modified Wright stain urine sediment from a dog with E coli bacterial cystitis showing white blood cells and bacteria (×400).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Algorithm for treatment of catheter-associated UTI.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Lateral survey abdominal radiograph of infection-induced struvite urocysto-urethroliths in a 3-year-old spayed female Irish setter.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Cystoscopic image of a urinary bladder polyp with cystitis due to E coli in a 6-year-old spayed female Irish setter.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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