Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 Apr 1;19(4):605-17.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.014.

Lysine glutarylation is a protein posttranslational modification regulated by SIRT5

Minjia Tan  1 , Chao Peng  2 , Kristin A Anderson  3 , Peter Chhoy  3 , Zhongyu Xie  2 , Lunzhi Dai  2 , Jeongsoon Park  4 , Yue Chen  2 , He Huang  2 , Yi Zhang  1 , Jennifer Ro  5 , Gregory R Wagner  3 , Michelle F Green  3 , Andreas S Madsen  6 , Jessica Schmiesing  7 , Brett S Peterson  3 , Guofeng Xu  2 , Olga R Ilkayeva  3 , Michael J Muehlbauer  3 , Thomas Braulke  7 , Chris Mühlhausen  7 , Donald S Backos  8 , Christian A Olsen  6 , Peter J McGuire  9 , Scott D Pletcher  5 , David B Lombard  4 , Matthew D Hirschey  10 , Yingming Zhao  11
Affiliations

Lysine glutarylation is a protein posttranslational modification regulated by SIRT5

Minjia Tan et al. Cell Metab. .

Abstract

We report the identification and characterization of a five-carbon protein posttranslational modification (PTM) called lysine glutarylation (Kglu). This protein modification was detected by immunoblot and mass spectrometry (MS), and then comprehensively validated by chemical and biochemical methods. We demonstrated that the previously annotated deacetylase, sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), is a lysine deglutarylase. Proteome-wide analysis identified 683 Kglu sites in 191 proteins and showed that Kglu is highly enriched on metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial proteins. We validated carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle, as a glutarylated protein and demonstrated that CPS1 is targeted by SIRT5 for deglutarylation. We further showed that glutarylation suppresses CPS1 enzymatic activity in cell lines, mice, and a model of glutaric acidemia type I disease, the last of which has elevated glutaric acid and glutaryl-CoA. This study expands the landscape of lysine acyl modifications and increases our understanding of the deacylase SIRT5.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Lysine deglutarylation and glutaryl-CoA pathways
(A) Structures of glutaryl-lysine, succinyl-lysine and malonyl-lysine. (B) Illustration of glutaryl-CoA synthetic pathways.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Detection and verification of lysine glutarylation
(A) Specificity of the anti-Kglu antibody. Dot-blot assay was carried out using anti-Kglu antibody by incubation of the peptide libraries bearing a fixed unmodified K, Kac, Kmal, Ksucc, and Kglu, respectively. Each peptide library contains 10 residues CXXXXKXXXX, where X is a mixture of 19 amino acids (excluding cysteine), C is cysteine, and the 6th residue is a fixed lysine residue: unmodified lysine (K), acetyl-lysine (Kac), malonyl-lysine (Kmal), succinyl-lysine (Ksucc), glutaryl-lysine (Kglu). (B) Western blot of the whole-cell lysates from bacteria E. coli, yeast S. cerevisiae, Drosophila S2, mouse MEF, human HeLa cells. Western blot was performed using the whole-cell lysates from different cells. (C) High-resolution MS/MS spectra of an E. coli tryptic peptide (SK+114.0281DaATNLLYTR) from DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein with a mass shift of +114.0281 Da at the lysine residue (bottom) and the synthetic SKgluATNLLYTR (top). Inset shows the mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the precursor ions. (D) Extracted ion chromatograms (XICs) of the synthetic peptide SKgluATNLLYTR (top), the in vivo-derived peptide (middle, from E. coli), and their mixture (bottom) by reversed-phase HPLC analysis.
Figure 3
Figure 3. SIRT5 catalyzes lysine deglutarylation reactions in vitro and in vivo
(A) Screening of HDAC lysine deglutarylation activity in vitro. Fluorometric assay to detect in vitro lysine deglutarylation activities using recombinant SIRT1-7. (B) 32P-NAD+ consumption monitored by thin layer chromatography after an in vitro SIRT3, SIRT4, or SIRT5 enzymatic assay using chemically acylated BSA as a substrate; o-glutaryl-ADP ribose, OG-ADPR; o-succinyl-ADP ribose, OS-ADPR; o-acetyl-ADP ribose, OA-ADPR. (C) HPLC trace of a glutarylated peptide, VKSKgluATNLWW, before and after in vitro deglutarylation reaction. The assays were carried out without hSIRT5, with hSIRT5, with enzymatically-inactive mutant of hSIRT5 (H158Y), without NAD+, with SIRT5 in the presence of nicotinamide (25 mM), or sirtinol (200 µM), or TSA (2 µM), or sodium butyrate (NaBu) (25mM). A triangle and a diamond indicate modified (HRMS, m/z, 673.8588 Da) and unmodified (HRMS, m/z, 616.8439 Da) peptides, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Enzymology studies on SIRT5-catalyzed deglutarylation
(A) Endpoint deacylation assay of mouse or human wild-type SIRT5 or human mutant SIRT5 (HY mutant) against acylated mono-lysine-AMC substrates; Kac, acetyl; Kmal, malonyl; Ksucc, succinyl; Kglu, glutaryl; Kadi, adipoyl. Error bars in this figure and subsequent ones represent standard error of the mean (SEM). (B) Crystal structure of SIRT5 with a glutarylated peptide superimposed in the catalytic pocket. (C) Summary of total interaction energy comprising the sum of Van der Waals and electrostatic interaction energies between SIRT5 and acylated histone peptides (shown in Figure S4D).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of Kglu substrates in WT and SIRT5KO mouse liver
(A) Western blotting analysis of mitochondria from Sirt5+/+ (WT) and Sirt5−/− (KO) mouse livers. (B) Distribution of Kglu sites per protein identified by proteomic analysis. (C) Gene ontology (GO) of biological processes (BP) of proteins identified as glutarylated by proteomics.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1 (CPS1) is targeted for deglutarylation by SIRT5
(A) CPS1 was immunoprecipitated from SIRT5 WT and KO mouse liver under fed and 48h fasted conditions and measured for glutarylation levels using an anti-Kglu antibody. (B) CPS1 enzymatic activity was measured in hepatic lysates in SIRT5 WT and KO mice, and presented relative to WT control mice. (C) CPS1 was immunoprecipitated from HeLa cells containing a shScramble (SCR) or shSIRT5 and measured for glutarylation levels using an anti-Kglu antibody. (D) Ammonia levels from HeLa cells containing a shScramble (SCR) or shSIRT5 after 24h of serum starvation. (E) Ornithine levels from HeLa cells containing a shScramble (SCR) or shSIRT5 after 24h of serum starvation. (F) CPS1 was transfected in HEK293 cells containing a shScramble (SCR) or shSIRT5, immunoprecipitated, and measured for glutarylation levels using an anti-Kglu antibody. (G) CPS1 was transfected in HEK293 cells and immunopurified. Glutarylation levels were measured using an anti-Kglu antibody in four samples: CPS1, glutarylated CPS1 that was chemically modified with glutaric anhydride (GA), glutarylated CPS1 after incubation with recombinant human SIRT5, glutarylated CPS1 after incubation with recombinant human SIRT5 HY mutant. (H) A homology model of human CPS1 was built based on an E. coli CarA homologous region (light gray), encompassing an inactive glutamine amidotransferase domain (teal), and an E. coli CarB homologous region (dark gray) containing two ATP grasp domains (cyan), an oligomerization domain (blue), and a NAG-binding site (magenta). Glutarylated lysine residues targeted for SIRT5 removal are labeled and highlighted in yellow.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Physiology and pathophysiology of lysine glutarylation
(A) Protein glutarylation was measured in hepatic whole-tissue lysates by immunoblotting with an anti-Kglu antibody in two sets (Mouse 1 and Mouse 2) of SIRT5 WT and KO mice that were fed or fasted (48h), respectively. (B) Drosophilia were fed with 0X, 1X or 2X tryptophan for 1 week and whole-cell lysates were prepared for Western blotting analysis. (C) Hepatic mitochondrial protein glutarylation and succinylation was measured by immunoblotting with anti-acyl-lysine antibodies in WT and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase knock-out (GCDHKO) mice. (D) CPS1 was immunoprecipitated from GCDHKO mouse liver and measured for glutarylation levels using an anti-Kglu antibody. (E) CPS1 enzymatic activity was measured in hepatic lysates from wild-type and GCDHKO mice and normalized to total CPS1 protein levels. (F) Glutaryl-CoA or glutarate was incubated with heat-inactivated hepatic mitochondrial lysates and monitored for changes in protein glutarylation using an anti-Kglu antibody.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Berger SL. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature. 2007;447:407–412. - PubMed
    1. Bradner JE, West N, Grachan ML, Greenberg EF, Haggarty SJ, Warnow T, Mazitschek R. Chemical phylogenetics of histone deacetylases. Nat Chem Biol. 2010;6:238–243. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L. Sirtuins mediate mammalian metabolic responses to nutrient availability. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:287–296. - PubMed
    1. Chan CH, Ramirez-Montealegre D, Pearce DA. Altered arginine metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) of the Cln3−/− mouse model of juvenile Batten disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2009;35:189–207. - PubMed
    1. Chen Y, Kwon SW, Kim SC, Zhao Y. Integrated approach for manual evaluation of peptides identified by searching protein sequence databases with tandem mass spectra. J Proteome Res. 2005;4:998–1005. - PubMed

Publication types