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Review
. 2013 Dec;10(4):315-20.
doi: 10.1007/s11897-013-0167-3.

Sleep apnea, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension

Sogol Javaheri  1 , Shahrokh Javaheri, Ali Javaheri
Affiliations
Review

Sleep apnea, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension

Sogol Javaheri et al. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2013 Dec.

Abstract

Despite the emergence of sleep apnea (SA) as a significant risk factor for heart failure (HF) mortality, data indicate that SA remains under-diagnosed and under-treated. Less well established, though perhaps more emphasized, is the role of sleep apnea in pulmonary hypertension (PH). SA occurs in approximately 50 % of HF patients, and its consequences include intermittent hypoxemia, arousal, and intra-thoracic pressure swings leading to neurohormonal stimulation, oxidative stress and inflammation. While SA is also considered a cause of PH, severe PH due solely to SA is rare. Combining the results of several studies using Swan-Ganz catheters for diagnosis of PH, approximately 10 % of patients with OSA have PH. Effective treatment of SA in HF is associated with improved survival, while treatment of SA in PH is typically associated with modest hemodynamic improvement.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Sogol Javaheri declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ali Javaheri declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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