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Review
. 2013 Apr;120(4):523-9.
doi: 10.1007/s00702-013-1008-y. Epub 2013 Mar 10.

Treatment of Parkinson's disease in the advanced stage

C Ossig  1 , H Reichmann
Affiliations
Review

Treatment of Parkinson's disease in the advanced stage

C Ossig et al. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013 Apr.

Abstract

Levodopa/Carbidopa, respectively, Levodopa/Benserazide is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease and during the progress of the disease, patients will inevitably need to be treated with it. Nonetheless, after a certain time period most of the patients experience side effects. Mainly disturbing are motor and non-motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Numerous options from changing the medication regimen, to continuos dopaminergic drug delivery via apomorphine or Duodopa pumps and stereotactical interventions are available. The physician's responsibility is to choose the right therapeutic procedure for each timepoint of the patient's disease. In this review, we provide an up to date overview of the available strategies.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Therapeutic algorithm for orally applicated medication according to symptoms
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Invasive therapeutical options for advanced Parkinson’s disease treatment
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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