Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2012 Nov 14;11(11):CD009542.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009542.pub2.

Oral immunotherapy for milk allergy

Joanne P Yeung  1 , Lorie A Kloda, Jason McDevitt, Moshe Ben-Shoshan, Reza Alizadehfar
Affiliations
Review

Oral immunotherapy for milk allergy

Joanne P Yeung et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The mainstay of treatment of IgE-mediated cow milk allergy (IMCMA) is an avoidance diet, which is especially difficult with a ubiquitous food like milk. Milk oral immunotherapy (MOIT) may be an alternative treatment, through desensitization or induction of tolerance.

Objectives: We aim to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of MOIT in children and adults with IMCMA as compared to a placebo treatment or avoidance strategy.

Search methods: We searched 13 databases for journal articles, conference proceedings, theses and unpublished trials, without language or date restrictions, using a combination of subject headings and text words. The search is up-to-date as of October 1, 2012.

Selection criteria: Only randomised controlled trials (RCT) were considered for inclusion. Blinded and open trial designs were included. Children and adults with IMCMA were included. MOIT administered by any protocol were included.

Data collection and analysis: A total of 2111 unique records were identified and screened for potential inclusion. Studies were selected, data extracted and methodological quality assessed independently by two reviewers. We attempted to contact the study investigators to inquire about data not published that was required for the analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I² test. We estimated a pooled risk ratio (RR) for each outcome using a Mantel-Haenzel fixed-effect model if statistical heterogeneity was low as evaluated by an I² value less than 50%.

Main results: Of 157 records reviewed, 16 were included, representing five trials. In general, the studies were small and had inconsistent methodological rigor. Overall, the quality of evidence was rated as low. Each study used a different MOIT protocol. A total of 196 patients were studied (106 MOIT, 90 control) and all were children. Three studies were blinded and two used an avoidance diet control. Sixty-six patients (62%) in the MOIT group were able to tolerate a full serving of milk (about 200 mL) compared to seven (8%) of the control group (RR 6.61, 95% CI 3.51 to 12.44). In addition, 27 (25%) in the MOIT group could ingest a partial serving of milk (10 to 184 mL) while none could in the control group (RR 9.34, 95% CI 2.72 to 32.09). None of the studies assessed the patients following a period off immunotherapy. Adverse reactions were common (97 of 106 MOIT patients had at least one symptom), although most were local and mild. Because of variability in reporting methods, adverse effects could not be combined quantitatively. For every 11 patients receiving MOIT, one required intramuscular epinephrine. One patient required it on two occasions.

Authors' conclusions: Studies to date have involved small numbers of patients and the quality of evidence is generally low. The current evidence shows that MOIT can lead to desensitization in the majority of individuals with IMCMA although the development of long-term tolerance has not been established. A major drawback of MOIT is the frequency of adverse effects, although most are mild and self-limited. The use of parenteral epinephrine is not infrequent. Because there are no standardized protocols, guidelines would be required prior to incorporating desensitization into clinical practice.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

1
1
Results from searching for studies for inclusion in the review
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 MOIT versus control, outcome: 1.1 Full desensitization.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 MOIT versus control, Outcome 1 Full desensitization.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 MOIT versus control, Outcome 2 Full desensitization ‐ Subgroup analysis of patients 4 years and older.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 MOIT versus control, Outcome 3 Full desensitization ‐ Subgroup analysis of patients without a history of anaphylaxis.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 MOIT versus control, Outcome 4 Partial desensitization.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009542

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Longo 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Longo G, Barbi E, Berti I, Meneghetti R, Pittalis A, Ronfani L, et al. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with very severe cow's milk‐induced reactions. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:343‐7. - PubMed
Martorell 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Martorell A. Specific oral tolerance induction to cow's milk allergy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01199484.
    1. Martorell A, Hoz B, Ibaez M, Bone J, Michavila A, Plaza A, et al. Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) as an useful treatment to cow milk proteins (CMPs) allergy. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;65:371.
    1. Martorell A, Hoz B, Ibanez M D, Bone J, Terrados MS, et al. Oral desensitization as a useful treatment in 2‐year‐old children with cow's milk allergy. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2011;41:1297‐1304. - PubMed
Pajno 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Caminiti L, Passalacqua G, Barberi S, Vita D, Barberio G, Luca R, et al. A new protocol for specific oral tolerance induction in children with IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 2009;30:443‐8. - PubMed
    1. Caminiti L, Passalacqua G, Barberi S, Vita D, Barberio G, Pajno G. A new protocol for specific oral tolerance induction in children with IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009;64. - PubMed
    1. Pajno CB, Caminiti L, Barberi S, Vita D, Bacna‐Cagnani CE, Barberio G, et al. Specific oral tolerance induction with a weekly updosing schedule in children with Ige mediated cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;123:S32.
    1. Pajno G, Caminiti L, Ruggeri P, Luca R, Vita D, Rosa M, et al. Oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy with a weekly updosing regimen: A randomised double blind controlled study. Allergy 2010;65(Suppl. 92):370. - PubMed
    1. Pajno G, Caminiti L, Vita D. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study of oral milk immunotherapy with the weekly incremental dose. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009; Vol. 64.
Salmivesi 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Paassilta M. Safety of Oral Immunotherapy for Cow's Milk Allergy in School‐aged Children. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01361347.
    1. Paassilta M, Salmivesi S, Korppi M, Makela M. Milk oral immunotherapy in school‐aged children with immunoglobulin E‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;65:370.
    1. Salmivesi S, Korppi M, Mäkelä MJ, Paassilta M. Milk oral immunotherapy is effective in school‐aged children. Acta Paediatrica 2012;epub ahead of print. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02815.x] - DOI - PubMed
Skripak 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Skripak JM, Nash SD, Brereton NH, Rowley H, Oh S, Hamilton RG, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled (DBPC) study of milk oral immunotherapy (MOIT) for cow's milk allergy (CMA). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:S137. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Skripak JM, Nash SD, Rowley H, Brereton NH, Oh S, Hamilton RG, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of milk oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;122:1154‐60. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wood RA. A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study of Oral Milk Immunotherapy for Cow's Milk Allergy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00465569. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

28th Congress {published data only}
    1. 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Abstract Book. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Conference: 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Abstract Book Warszawa Poland. Conference Start 2009;20090606.
Alonso 2008 {published data only}
    1. Alonso E, Zapatero L, Fuentes V, Barranco R, Davila G, Martinez M. Specific Oral Tolerance Induction in 39 Children with IgE Mediated Persistent Cows Milk Allergy. 2008 Annual meeting of the Americal Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 2008.
Alvaro 2012 {published data only}
    1. Alvaro M, Giner MT, Vazquez M, Lozano J, Dominguez O, Piquer M, et al. Specific oral desensitization in children with IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Evolution in one year. European Journal of Pediatrics 2012;171:1389‐95. - PubMed
Anonymous 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. ...And a promising treatment for cow's milk allergy. Child Health Alert 2009;27:1‐2. - PubMed
Aruanno 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aruanno A, Nucera E, Pecora V, Buonomo A, Pasquale T, Lombardo C, et al. Oral specific desensitisation in food allergy and loss of tolerance after interruption of the maintenance phase: five case reports. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009; Vol. 64.
Bahna 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bahna SL. Oral desensitization with cow's milk in IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy: Contra. In: Wuethrich B, Ortolani C editor(s). Highlights in Food Allergy: 6th International Symposium on Immunological and Clinical Problems of Food Allergy, Lugano, September, 1995. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger AG, 1996:233‐5. - PubMed
Barbi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barbi E, Longo G, Berti I, Matarazzo L, Rubert L, Saccari A, et al. Adverse effects during specific oral tolerance induction: in home phase. Allergologia et Immunopathologia 2012;40:41‐50. - PubMed
Bauer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bauer A, Mudiyanselage SE, Wigger‐Alberti W, Elsner P. Oral rush desensitization to milk. Allergy 1999;54:894‐5. - PubMed
Bedoret 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bedoret D. Changes in antigen‐specific T‐cell number and function during oral desensitization in cow's milk allergy enabled with omalizumab. Mucosal immunology 2012;5(3):267‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Belli 2003 {published data only}
    1. Belli CD, Eigenmann PA. Induction of oral tolerance in cow's milk allergic infants. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 2003;151:S31‐3.
Berin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Berin MC, Sicherer S. Food allergy: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Current Opinion in Immunology 2011;23:794‐800. - PubMed
Berti 2008 {published data only}
    1. Berti I, Barbi E, Longo G. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with very severe cow‐milk allergy. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2008;4:407‐9. - PubMed
Bonito‐Vitor 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bonito‐Vitor A, Sampaio M. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with moderate and severe cow's milk reactions ‐ a tertiary centre's experience. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009;64:167‐8.
Borel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Borel Y, Fritsche R. A novel approach to prevent allergy to a milk protein (beta‐lactoglobulin). Dynamic Nutritional Research 1992;1:44‐8.
Burks 2008 {published data only}
    1. Burks A W, Laubach S, Jones S M. Oral tolerance, food allergy, and immunotherapy: Implications for future treatment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;121:1344‐50. - PubMed
Calvani 2010 {published data only}
    1. Calvani M, Giorgio V, Miceli Sopo S. Specific oral tolerance induction for food. A systematic review. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;42:11‐9. - PubMed
Calvani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Calvani M, Iacono ID, Giorgio V, Sopo SM, Panetta V, Tripodi S. A new model for conservative food challenge in children with immunoglobulin E‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Israel Medical Association Journal 2012;14:18‐23. - PubMed
Canani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Canani RB. Effects of Different Dietary Regimens on Tolerance Acquisition in Children With Cow's Milk Allergy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01634490 Completed, not yet published.
Chafen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chafen JJ, Schneider NSJ, Riedl MA, Bravata DM, Maglione M, Suttorp MJ, et al. Diagnosing and managing common food allergies: a systematic review. JAMA 2010;303:1848‐56. - PubMed
Chhabra 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chhabra S, Jones SM. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of milk oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy. Pediatrics 2009;124:S118. - PMC - PubMed
Couto 2011 {published data only}
    1. Couto M, Sampaio G, Arede C, Piedade S, Almeida MM. Cow's milk allergy: When primary prevention was not possible [Alergia as proteinas do leite de vaca: Quando a prevencao primaria nao foi possivel]. Revista Portuguesa de Imunoalergologia 2011;19(1):47‐51.
Couto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Couto MGA, Santa‐Marta C, Morais‐Almeida M. Cow's milk dependent exercise‐induced urticaria after oral tolerance induction in an adolescent. Allergologia et Immunopathologia 2012;40(1):67‐8. - PubMed
Crisafulli 2012 {published data only}
    1. Crisafulli G, Caminiti L, Pajno GB. Oral desensitization for immunoglobulin E‐mediated milk and egg allergies. The Israel Medical Association journal 2012;14:53‐6. - PubMed
de Boissieu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Boissieu D, Dupont C. Cows Milk Allergy: A Pilot Trial of Sublingual Immunotherapy. 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 2006.
    1. Boissieu D, Dupont C. Sublingual immunotherapy for cow's milk protein allergy: a preliminary report. Allergy 2006;61(10):1238‐9. - PubMed
Dona Diaz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dona DI, Ibanez M, Laso M, Escudero C, Munoz M, Calderon S. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Abstract from 26th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden. Allergy 2007; Vol. 62:352.
Dupont 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dupont C, Benhamou P, Soulaines P, Morillon‐Le‐Goue S, Donne N, Piloquet H, et al. Epicutaneous immunotherapy in severe cow milk allergy: a double blind pilot trial. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;123(Suppl. 2):S183.
    1. Dupont C, Kalach N, Soulaines P, Legoue‐Morillon S, Piloquet H, Benhamou PH. Cow's milk epicutaneous immunotherapy in children: a pilot trial of safety, acceptability, and impact on allergic reactivity. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2010;125(5):1165‐7. - PubMed
    1. Dupont C, Morillon Legoue S, Kalach N, Donne N, Olivier A, Soulaine P, et al. Cow milk epicutaneous immunotherapy in children: a double‐blind pilot trial of safety and efficacy. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009:64.
Du Toit 2011 {published data only}
    1. Du Toit George, Lack Gideon. Can food allergy be prevented? The current evidence. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2011;58(2):481‐509, xii. - PubMed
Farmakas 2009 {published data only}
    1. Farmakas N, Piskou K, Douladiris N, Manousakis M, Papadopoulos N. Specific oral tolerance induction for milk allergy. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009;64:Suppl. 90.
Fiocchi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fiocchi ABJ, Schunemann H, Bahna SL, Berg A, Beyer K, Bozzola M, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) diagnosis and rationale for action against cow's milk allergy (DRACMA) guidelines. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2010;21:1‐125. - PubMed
    1. Fiocchi ABJ, Schunemann H, Bahna SL, Berg A, Beyer K, Bozzola M, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) diagnosis and rationale for action against cow's milk allergy (DRACMA) guidelines. World Allergy Organization Journal 2010;3(4):57‐161. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fiocchi ASHJ, Brozek J, Restani P, Beyer K, Troncone R, Martelli A, et al. Diagnosis and rationale for action against cow's milk allergy (DRACMA): A summary report. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;126(6):1119‐1128.e1‐e12. - PubMed
Firszt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Firszt R, Burks AW. Will we be able to desensitize food allergies by either injection or oral immunotherapy?. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2011;11(4):259‐264. - PubMed
Fisher 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fisher HR, Du Toit G, Lack G. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergic children: Is oral desensitisation more effective than allergen avoidance? A meta‐analysis of published RCTs. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2011;96:259‐64. - PubMed
Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio 2011 {published data only}
    1. Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio PA, Chichester K, Bieneman A, Keet C, Wood RA, Schroeder JT. Basophil Responses in Children Undergoing Immunotherapy for Milk Allergy. Abstract from Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), San Francisco, CA, USA. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011; Vol. 127:AB26.
Frutos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Frutos M R, Valbuena T, Padial A, Pascual C. Clinical Follow‐Up After An Oral Induction Tolerance Protocol with Cow Milk: 4 Years Later. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB26.
Gallucci 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gallucci AR, Wasserman RL, Sugerman RW, Mireku‐Akomeah N, Pence DM, Long NA. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) of food allergy (FA) successfully desensitizes most patients. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;127:AB25. - PubMed
García‐Ara 2012 {published data only}
    1. García‐Ara C. Specific Oral Tolerance Induction in Children Allergic to Cow's Milk Proteins. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01641731 Completed, not yet published.
Hague 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hague AR, Wasserman RL, Sugerman RW. Food allergy quality of life (FAQOL) is improved for food oral immunotherapy (OIT) treated patients and their families. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB29.
Haynes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haynes A, Watson W, Rex G, Kapu S. Review of food challenges in a pediatric tertiary care centre. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2010;6:P2.
Hourihane 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hourihane JO, Smith PK, Strobel S. Food allergy in children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2002;69:61‐7. - PubMed
Hulshof 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hulshof L, Schoemaker AA, Petrus NCM, Aalderen WMC, Sprikkelman AB. Re: Oral desensitization as a useful treatment in 2‐year‐old children with cow's milk allergy. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2011;41:1815‐6; author reply 1817‐8. - PubMed
Isolauri 1995 {published data only}
    1. Isolauri E. The treatment of cow's milk allergy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49:S49‐55. - PubMed
Kaneko 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kaneko H. Oral immunotherapy in children with cow's milk allergy by enzyme digested beta lactoglobulin. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=JPRN‐UMIN000002139.
Kaneko 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kaneko H, Teramoto T, Kondo M, Morita H, Ohnishi H, Orii K, et al. Efficacy of the slow dose‐up method for specific oral tolerance induction in children with cow's milk allergy: comparison with reported protocols. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 2010;20:538‐9. - PubMed
Katz 2011 {published data only}
    1. Katz Y, Goldberg M, Levy M, Stein M, Elizur A, Zimmerman M, et al. Milk Oral Immunotherapy (MOI): Interim Results of the First Hundred Patients. Abstract from Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), San Francisco, CA, USA. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011; Vol. 127:AB27.
Keet 2008 {published data only}
    1. Keet CA, Wood RA. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergy in children: Efficacy and clinical patterns of reaction. Pediatrics 2008;122:S192‐3. - PubMed
Keet 2010 {published data only}
    1. Keet C, Thyagarajan A, Boden S, Driggers S, Hamilton R, Burks A, et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy for milk allergy [Abstract]. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011:Ab71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Keet CA, Thyagarajan A, Brereton N, Pack A, Hamilton RG, Burks AW, et al. Sublingual and Oral Immunotherapy for Milk Allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2010;125:AB128. - PMC - PubMed
Keet 2012 {published data only}
    1. Keet CA, Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio PA, Thyagarajan A, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG, Boden S, et al. The safety and efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy for milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2012; Vol. 129, issue 2:448‐55, 455.e1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Kleine‐Tebbe 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kleine‐Tebbe J, Herold D A, Lepp U. Current therapy in food allergy. Allergologie 2005;28:66‐74.
Kloepfer 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kloepfer K, Jones S M. Specific oral tolerance induction in children with very severe cow's milk‐induced reactions. Pediatrics 2008;122:S193. - PubMed
Lachaux 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lachaux A. Oral tolerance in cow's milk allergy in the infant. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00298376.
LeBovidge 2012 {published data only}
    1. LeBovidge JS, Haskell S, Borras I, Hoyte E, Umetsu DT, Nadeau KC, et al. Patient and parent perspectives on quality of life during participation in a study of rapid oral desensitization with omalizumab therapy in patients with milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB30.
Levy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Levy MB, Goldberg MR, Stein ML, Elizur A, Cohen A, Zimmerman M, et al. Adverse Reactions During Home Dosing on a Milk Oral Immunotherapy (MOI) Program. Abstract from Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), San Francisco, CA, USA. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011; Vol. 127:AB27.
Levy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Levy MB, Goldberg MR, Stein ML, Elizur A, Nachshon L, Katz Y. Oral food immunotherapy: Protective doses reached within two months. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB28.
Longo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Longo G, Berti I, Barbi E, Calligaris L, Matarazzo L, Radillo O, et al. Diagnosed child, treated child: food challenge as the first step toward tolerance induction in cow's milk protein allergy. European Annals of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2012;44:54‐60. - PubMed
Luyt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bravin K, Luyt D. Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) to milk. Abstract from 27th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Barcelona, Spain. Allergy 2008;63:Suppl. 88.
    1. Luyt D, Bravin K. Specific oral tolerance (SOTI) to milk. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2009;39:1955.
Mansouri 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mansouri M, Movahhedi M, Pourpak Z, Mozaffari H, Shokohi M, Farhoudi A. Oral desensitisation in children with IgE mediated cow's milk allergy. Abstract from 26th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden. Allergy 2007; Vol. 62:352‐3.
Marino 2009 {published data only}
    1. Marino E. Oral desensitization in children with cow's milk allergy. [Portuguese]. Revista Portuguesa de Imunoalergologia 2009;17:85.
Mazer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mazer B. Specific oral tolerance induction increased tolerance to milk in children with severe cow's milk allergy. Evidence Based Medicine 2009;14:50. - PubMed
Meglio 2004 {published data only}
    1. Meglio P, Bartone E, Plantamura M, Arabito E, Giampietro PG. A protocol for oral desensitization in children with IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergy 2004;59:980‐7. - PubMed
    1. Meglio P, Giampietro PG, Gianni S, Galli E. Oral desensitization in children with immunoglobulin E‐mediated cow's milk allergy ‐ Follow‐up at 4 yr and 8 months. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2008;19:412‐9. - PubMed
Meglio 2011 {published data only}
    1. Meglio P, Giampietro PG, Gabriele I, Carello R, Avitabile S, Galli E. Oral desensitisation with food is food‐specific and protein‐specific. International Journal of Immunopathology & Pharmacology 2011;24:803‐11. - PubMed
Mondoulet 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mondoulet L, Donne N, Benhamou P H. Viaskin: Epicutaneous immunotherapy for treating food allergies. Drug Development and Delivery 2011;11:36‐41.
Mori 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mori F, Pucci N, Bernardini R, Azzari C, Novembre E, Meyer A. Oral desensitization to milk: "How to choose the starting dose?". Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2008;121:S249. - PMC - PubMed
Morisset 2007 {published data only}
    1. Morisset M, Moneret‐Vautrin DA, Guenard L, Cuny JM, Frentz P, Hatahet R, et al. Oral desensitization in children with milk and egg allergies obtains recovery in a significant proportion of cases. A randomized study in 60 children with cow's milk allergy and 90 children with egg allergy. European Annals of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2007;39:12‐9. - PubMed
Mousallem 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mousallem T, Burks AW. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on allergies: Immunotherapy for food allergy. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2012;167:26‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Nadeau 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte E, Borras I, Umetsu DT. Pretreatment with omalizumab permits rapid oral desensitization for cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;127(2, Suppl S):AB2. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte L, Borras I, Umetsu DT. Rapid oral desensitization in combination with omalizumab therapy in patients with cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;127:1622‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Nadeau 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nadeau KC, Kohli A, Iyengar S, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Oral immunotherapy and anti‐IgE antibody‐adjunctive treatment for food allergy. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2012;32:111‐33. - PubMed
Nadeau 2012a {published data only}
    1. Nadeau KC, Kohli A, Iyengar S, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Oral Immunotherapy and Anti‐IgE Antibody‐Adjunctive Treatment for Food Allergy. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2012; Vol. 32, issue 1:111‐33. - PubMed
Narisety 2009 {published data only}
    1. Narisety SD, Skripak JM, Steele P, Hamilton RG, Matsui EC, Burks AW, et al. Open label maintenance following milk oral immunotherapy (MOIT) for IgE mediated cow's milk allergy [Abstract]. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009:S174. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Narisety SD, Skripak JM, Steele P, Hamilton RG, Matsui EC, Burks AW, et al. Open‐label maintenance after milk oral immunotherapy for IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;124:610‐2. - PMC - PubMed
Nieto 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nieto A, Fernandez‐Silveira L, Mazon A, Caballero L. Life‐threatening asthma reaction caused by desensitization to milk. Allergy 2010;65:1342‐3. - PubMed
Niggemann 2006a {published data only}
    1. Niggemann B, Staden U, Rolinck‐Werninghaus C, Beyer K. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergy. Allergy 2006;61:808‐11. - PubMed
Noh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Noh G. Conditions for successful IFN‐gamma‐induced specific oral tolerance induction (ISOTI) for IgE‐mediated anaphylactic food allergy. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009;64.
    1. Noh G, Lee SS. A pilot study of interferon‐‐induced specific oral tolerance induction (ISOTI) for immunoglobulin E‐mediated anaphylactic food allergy. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 2009;29:667‐75. - PubMed
Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nowak‐Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH. An interventional study of milk allergy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00578656.
Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nowak‐Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA. An Interventional Study of Milk Allergy and Tolerance in Children. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial.aspx?TrialID=NCT00778258.
Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nowak‐Wegrzyn A, Fiocchi A. Is oral immunotherapy the cure for food allergies?. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;10:214‐9. - PubMed
Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nowak‐Wegrzyn A, Muraro A. Food allergy therapy: Is a cure within reach?. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2011;58:511‐530,XII. - PubMed
Nowak‐Wgrzyn 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nowak‐Wgrzyn A, Sampson HA. Future therapies for food allergies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011; Vol. 127:558‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Nucera 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nucera E, Schiavino D, D'Ambrosio C, Stabile A, Rumi C, Gasbarrini G, et al. CASE REPORT: Immunological aspects of oral desensitization in food allergy. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2000;45:637‐41. - PubMed
Nucera 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nucera E, Schiavino D, Buonomo A, Pollastrini E, Altomonte G, Pecora V, et al. Sublingual‐oral rush desensitization to mixed cow and sheep milk: a case report. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 2008;18:219‐22. - PubMed
Ojeda Fernandez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ojeda Fernandez P, Ojeda Fernandez I, Garcia‐Cubillana A, Pineda F, Ojeda Casas J. Oral desensitisation with milk in pediatric patients allergic to cow's milk proteins. Abstract from 26th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden. Allergy 2007; Vol. 62:353.
Oppenheimer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Oppenheimer J, Bock SA. Cow's milk allergy: is there a cure?. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2010;105:326‐7. - PubMed
Paiva 2009 {published data only}
    1. Paiva M, Gaspar A, Antunes J, Silva I, Pinto L. Successful oral rush desensitisation in two children with severe cow's milk allergy. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009; Vol. 64.
Pajno 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pajno GB. Oral desensitization for milk allergy in children: State of the art. Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;11(6):560‐4. - PubMed
Pajno 2011a {published data only}
    1. Pajno Giovanni B, Finegold I. SIT beyond respiratory diseases. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2011;107:395‐400. - PubMed
Passalacqua 2012 {published data only}
    1. Passalacqua G, Landi M, Pajno GB. Oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergy. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;12:271‐7. - PubMed
Patriarca 2003 {published data only}
    1. Patriarca G, Buonomo A, Roncallo C, Ninno M, Pollastrini E, Milani A, et al. Oral desensitisation in cow milk allergy: Immunological findings. International Journal of Immunopathology & Pharmacology 2002;15:53‐8. - PubMed
    1. Patriarca G, Nucera E, Roncallo C, Pollastrini E, Bartolozzi F, Pasquale T, et al. Oral desensitizing treatment in food allergy: clinical and immunological results. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2003;17:459‐65. - PubMed
    1. Patriarca G, Schiavino D, Nucera E, Schinco G, Milani A, Gasbarrini GB. Food allergy in children: results of a standardized protocol for oral desensitization. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 1998;45:52‐8. - PubMed
Patriarca 2007 {published data only}
    1. Patriarca G, Nucera E, Pollastrini E, Roncallo C, Pasquale T, Lombardo C, et al. Oral specific desensitization in food‐allergic children. Digestive Diseases & Sciences 2007;52:1662‐72. - PubMed
Pecora 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pecora V, Aruanno A, Lombardo C, Nucera E, Schiavino D, Bardina L, et al. Peptide microarray immunoassay: evaluation of specific sequential IgE‐ and IgG4‐binding epitopes, recognised in patients allergic to cow's milk during specific oral desensitisation. Allergy 2009;64.
    1. Pecora V, Nucera E, et al. Evaluation of specific sequential IgE‐ and IgG4‐binding epitopes, recognized in cow's milk allergic patients during specific oral desensitization, using peptide microarray immunoassay. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;123(2 Suppl S):S178.
Poisson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Poisson A, Thomas G, Jean‐Landais N, Giaufre E. Rapid Oral Tolerance to Cow‐Milk in a Case of Severe Food Allergy in a Child. Allergie et Immunologie 1988;20:67‐8. - PubMed
Rancitelli 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rancitelli P, Hofmann A, Wesley BA. Vaccine approaches for food allergy. Vaccines against Allergies, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Springer Verlag, 2011:55‐69. - PubMed
Rapp 1978 {published data only}
    1. Rapp DJ. Double‐blind confirmation and treatment of milk sensitivity. Medical Journal of Australia 1978;1:571‐2. - PubMed
Reche 2009 {published data only}
    1. Reche M, Valbuena T, Fiandorz A, Padial MA, Martin‐Esteban M, Pascual C. Specific Oral Tolerance Induction In Children With Systemic Cow Milk Allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;123:S210.
Reche 2011 {published data only}
    1. Reche M, Valbuena T, Fiandor A, Padial A, Caete A, Pascual C. Early induction of oral tolerance protocol (OTI) in children with cow's milk allergy [Abstract]. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011:Ab24.
Rodriguez‐Alvarez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez‐Alvarez M, Fernandez Rivas M, Rincon de Arellano I, Vazquez Cortes S, Santos Magadan S, Robledo Echarren T, et al. Oral desensitisation in persistent cow's milk allergy. Abstract from 26th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden. Allergy 2007; Vol. 62:55.
    1. Rodriguez‐Alvarez M, Fernandez Rivas M, Vazquez‐Cortes S, Rodriguez del Rio P, Zayas L, Robledo Echarren T, et al. Follow up of desensitised patients and immunological changes after specific oral tolerance induction to milk. Abstract from 28th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Warsaw, Poland. Allergy 2009; Vol. 64:481‐2.
    1. Rodriguez‐Alvarez M, Fernandez‐Rivas M, Robledo Echarren T, Martinez‐Cocera C. Persistence of Tolerance After Specific Oral Tolerance Induction. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2010;125:AB22.
    1. Rodriguez‐Alvarez M, Rivas M Fernandez, Echarren T Robledo, Cortes S Vazquez, Martinez‐Cocera C. Prognostic markers for specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) to milk. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2009;123:S25.
Rolinck‐Werninghaus 2005a {published data only}
    1. Rolinck‐Werninghaus C, Staden U, Mehl A, Hamelmann E, Beyer K, Niggemann B. Specific oral tolerance induction with food in children: transient or persistent effect on food allergy?. Allergy 2005;60:1320‐2. - PubMed
Rosenwasser 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rosenwasser LJ. Critical documents on cow's milk allergy and anaphylaxis: Two recent WAO position papers. World Allergy Organization Journal 2011;4:76. - PMC - PubMed
Saltzman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Saltzman RW, Kelleher M, Brown‐Whitehorn T, Fiedler J, Corry J, Gober L, et al. Milk oral immunotherapy: a single‐center pilot study of safety and efficacy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB25.
Sampson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sampson HA. Food allergy. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 1997;278:1888. - PubMed
Sampson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sampson HA. Food allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2003;111:S540‐7. - PubMed
Sampson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sampson H. OIT and Xolair® (Omalizumab) in Cow's Milk Allergy. http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01157117.
Sanchez‐Garcia 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sanchez‐Garcia S, Escudero C, Rio PR, Garcia‐Fernandez C, Ortega‐Casanueva C, Lopez‐Torrijos A, et al. Adverse Reactions (AR) during milk Oral Immunotherapy (mOIT) and its Relationship with specific IgE (sIgE) in 105 Milk‐allergic Patients. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011;127:AB29.
Saretta 2012 {published data only}
    1. Saretta F, Saltzman R W, Abraham V, Dudek E, Spergel J, Cianferoni A. Milk oral desensitization: role of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs). Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2012;129(2, Suppl. S):AB26.
Schiavino 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schiavino D, Buonomo A, Ninno M, Roncallo C, Pollastrini E, Camerini A, et al. Oral specific desensitization and immunologic modifications in 4 children with milk allergy. Abstract from XXth Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany. Allergy 2001; Vol. 56:95‐6.
Schmidt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt I, Hipler UC, Kaatz M, Elsner P, Bauer A. Oral rush desensitization in a boy with severe IgE mediated cow's milk allergy. [German]. Allergologie 2007;30:372‐7.
Scurlock 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scurlock AM, Burks AW, Jones, SM. Oral immunotherapy for food allergy. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2009;9(3):186‐193. - PubMed
Seopaul 2012 {published data only}
    1. Seopaul S, Keet CA, Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio PA, Thyagarajan A, Schroeder JT, Hamilton R, et al. Prolonged exposure to sublingual immunotherapy improves safety of oral immunotherapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;1:AB126. - PMC - PubMed
Sicherer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sicherer SH. Advances in anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insect venom. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;111:S829‐34. - PubMed
Sicherer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Annual review of medicine 2009;60:261‐77. - PubMed
Simons 2010 {published data only}
    1. Simons E, Moretti M. Optimizing oral immunotherapy to cow milk protein: a decision analysis. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2010;6:P7.
Skripak 2009 {published data only}
    1. Skripak JM, Wood RA. Mammalian milk allergy: avoidance strategies and oral desensitization. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009;9:259. - PubMed
Staden 2007 {published data only}
    1. Staden U, Rolinck‐Werninghaus C, Brewe F, Wahn U, Niggemann B, Beyer K. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergy in children: efficacy and clinical patterns of reaction. Allergy 2007;62:1261‐9. - PubMed
Staden 2008 {published data only}
    1. Staden U, Bluemchen K, Dannenberg N, Staab D, Wahn U, Niggemann B, et al. Oral tolerance induction with a rush protocol in children with persistent cow's milk allergy. 26th Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden. Allergy 2007; Vol. 62:353.
    1. Staden U, Blumchen K, Blankenstein N, Dannenberg N, Ulbricht H, Dobberstein K, et al. Rush oral immunotherapy in children with persistent cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2008;122:418‐9. - PubMed
Stein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stein ML, Goldberg MR, Levy MB, Herman G, Broide E, Elizur A, et al. Non‐IgE Mediated Reactions to Milk Oral Immunotherapy (MOI). Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;127:AB30.
Steinman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Steinman HH. Oral rush desensitisation to cow's milk in a severely cow's milk‐allergic adult. Allergy 2008;63(Suppl):88.
Strobel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Strobel S, Mowat AMI. Oral tolerance and allergic responses to food proteins. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006;6:207. - PubMed
Tunis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tunis M, Marshall JS. Does IgE‐mediated mast cell activation reduce oral tolerance to food antigens?. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2010;6:P18.
Vickery 2010 {published data only}
    1. Vickery BP, Burks W. Oral immunotherapy for food allergy. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2010;22:765‐70. - PubMed
Wasserman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wasserman RL, Mansfield LE, Gallucci AR, Hutteman HR, Ruvalcaba AM, Long NA, et al. Office based oral desensitization of patients with anaphylactic sensitivity to foods is safe and effective. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2010;125:AB59.
Wuethrich 1996 {published data only}
    1. Wuethrich B. Oral desensitization with cow's milk in cow's milk allergy: Pro. In: Wuethrich B, Ortolani C editor(s). Highlights in Food Allergy: 6th International Symposium on Immunological and Clinical Problems of Food Allergy, Lugano, September, 1995. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger AG, 1996:236‐40. - PubMed
Yanagida 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yanagida N, Utsunomiya T, Sato S, Iguchi M, Komata T, Imai T, et al. Treatment of Hen's Egg‐ and Cow's Milk‐induced Anaphylaxis by Rash Oral Immunotherapy. 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI 2010) 2010.
Zapatero 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zapatero L, Alonso E, Fuentes V, Martínez MI. Oral desensitization in children with cow's milk allergy. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 2008;18:389‐96. - PubMed
Zein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zein F, Kim H. Skin prick testing with extensively heated milk or egg products helps predict the outcome of an oral food challenge: A retrospective analysis. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2011;7(Suppl 2):A9. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Katsunuma 2012 {published data only}
    1. Katsunuma T. Effect of oral immunotherapy in preschool children with milk allergy; Trial for the detection of prospective markers for the effectiveness. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000005784.

Additional references

Allen 2009
    1. Allen KJ, Davidson GP, Day AS, Hill DJ, Kemp AS, Peake JE, et al. Management of cow's milk protein allergy in infants and young children: an expert panel perspective. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2009;45(9):481‐6. - PubMed
Bishop 1990
    1. Bishop JM, Hill DJ, Hosking CS. Natural history of cow milk allergy: clinical outcome. The Journal of Pediatrics 1990;116(6):862‐7. - PubMed
Bock 2007
    1. Bock SA, Munoz‐Furlong A, Sampson HA. Further fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001‐2006. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;119(4):1016‐18. - PubMed
Boyano‐Martinez 2009
    1. Boyano‐Martinez T, Garcia‐Ara C, Pedrosa M, Diaz‐Pena JM, Quirce S. Accidental allergic reactions in children allergic to cow's milk proteins. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009;123(4):883‐8. - PubMed
Boyce 2010
    1. Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID‐Sponsored Expert Panel Report. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Dec 2010; Vol. 126, issue 6:1105‐18. - PMC - PubMed
Brozek 2012
    1. Brożek JL, Terracciano L, Hsu J, Kreis J, Compalati E, Santesso N, et al. Oral immunotherapy for IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2012;42(3):363. - PubMed
Glanville 2006
    1. Glanville J M, Lefebvre C, Miles J N, Camosso‐Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(2):130‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Host 1990
    1. Host A, Halken S. A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life. Clinical course in relation to clinical and immunological type of hypersensitivity reaction. Allergy 1990;45(8):587‐96. - PubMed
Host 2002
    1. Host A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskind AM, Plesner K. Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 2002;13:23‐8. - PubMed
Lockey 1990
    1. Lockey RF, Turkeltaub PC, Olive ES, Hubbard JM, Baird‐Warren IA, Bukantz SC. The Hymenoptera venom study. III: Safety of venom immunotherapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1990;86(5):775. - PubMed
MacKenzie 2010
    1. MacKenzie H, Dean T. Quality of life in children and teenagers with food hypersensitivity. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research 2010;10(4):397‐406. - PubMed
Meglio 2008
    1. Meglio P, Giampietro PG, Gianni S, Galli E. Oral desensitization in children with immunoglobulin E‐mediated cow's milk allergy‐‐follow‐up at 4 yr and 8 months. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2008;19(5):412‐9. - PubMed
Mizumachi 2002
    1. Mizumachi K, Kurisaki J. Induction of oral tolerance in mice by continuous feeding with beta‐lactoglobulin and milk. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2002;66(6):1287‐94. - PubMed
Narisety 2012
    1. Narisety SD, Skripak JM, Steele P, Hamilton RG, Matsui EC, Burks AW, Wood RA. Open‐label maintenance after milk oral immunotherapy for IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. Joural of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009 Sep;124(3):610‐2. - PMC - PubMed
Niggemann 2006
    1. Niggemann B, Staden U, Rolinck‐Werninghaus C, Beyer K. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergy. Allergy 2006;61(7):808‐11. - PubMed
Patriarca 1998
    1. Patriarca G, Schiavino D, Nucera E, Schinco G, Milani A, Gasbarrini GB. Food allergy in children: results of a standardized protocol for oral desensitization. Hepato‐gastroenterology 1998;45(19):52‐8. - PubMed
Patriarca 2003
    1. Patriarca G, Nucera E, Roncallo C, Pollastrini E, Bartolozzi F, Pasquale T, et al. Oral desensitizing treatment in food allergy: clinical and immunological results. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2003;17(3):459‐65. - PubMed
Pumphrey 2007
    1. Pumphrey RS, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999‐2006. Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology 2007;119(4):1018‐9. - PubMed
Radulovic 2010
    1. Radulovic S, Calderon MA, Wilson D, Durham S. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002893.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rolinck‐Werninghaus 2005
    1. Rolinck‐Werninghaus C, Staden U, Mehl A, Hamelmann E, Beyer K, Niggemann B. Specific oral tolerance induction with food in children: transient or persistent effect on food allergy?. Allergy 2005;60(10):1320‐2. - PubMed
Rona 2007
    1. Rona RJ, Keil T, Summers C, Gislason D, Zuidmeer L, Sodergren E, et al. The prevalence of food allergy: a meta‐analysis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;120(3):638‐46. - PubMed
Saarinen 2005
    1. Saarinen KM, Pelkonen AS, Makela MJ, Savilahti E. Clinical course and prognosis of cow's milk allergy are dependent on milk‐specific IgE status. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005;116(4):869‐75. - PubMed
Sampson 2009
    1. Sampson M, McGowan J, Cogo E, Grimshaw J, Moher D, Lefebvre C. An evidence‐based practice guideline for the peer review of electronic search strategies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(9):944‐52. - PubMed
Skripak 2007
    1. Skripak JM, Matsui EC, Mudd K, Wood RA. The natural history of IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;120(5):1172‐7. - PubMed
Smith 2000
    1. Smith KM, Eaton AD, Finlayson LM, Garside P. Oral tolerance. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;162(4 Pt 2):S175‐8. - PubMed
Springston 2010
    1. Springston EE, Smith B, Shulruff J, Pongracic J, Holl J, Gupta RS. Variations in quality of life among caregivers of food allergic children. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2010;105(4):287‐94. - PubMed
Sánchez‐García 2012
    1. Sánchez‐García S, Rodríguez Del Río P, Escudero C, Martínez‐Gómez MJ, Ibáñez MD. Possible eosinophilic esophagitis induced by milk oral immunotherapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 Apr;129(4):1155‐7. - PubMed
Taylor 2010
    1. Taylor SL, Baumert JL. Cross‐contamination of foods and implications for food allergic patients. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2010;10(4):265‐70. - PubMed
Wong 2006
    1. Wong SS, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound treatment studies in EMBASE. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA 2006;94(1):41‐7. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources