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. 2012 Jul 26:6:29.
doi: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00029. eCollection 2012.

Monkey in the middle: why non-human primates are needed to bridge the gap in resting-state investigations

R Matthew Hutchison  1 , Stefan Everling
Affiliations

Monkey in the middle: why non-human primates are needed to bridge the gap in resting-state investigations

R Matthew Hutchison et al. Front Neuroanat. .

Abstract

Resting-state investigations based on the evaluation of intrinsic low-frequency fluctuations of the BOLD fMRI signal have been extensively utilized to map the structure and dynamics of large-scale functional network organization in humans. In addition to increasing our knowledge of normal brain connectivity, disruptions of the spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations have been suggested as possible diagnostic indicators of neurological and psychiatric disease states. Though the non-invasive technique has been received with much acclamation, open questions remain regarding the origin, organization, phylogenesis, as well as the basis of disease-related alterations underlying the signal patterns. Experimental work utilizing animal models, including the use of neurophysiological recordings and pharmacological manipulations, therefore, represents a critical component in the understanding and successful application of resting-state analysis, as it affords a range of experimental manipulations not possible in human subjects. In this article, we review recent rodent and non-human primate studies and based on the examination of the homologous brain architecture propose the latter to be the best-suited model for exploring these unresolved resting-state concerns. Ongoing work examining the correspondence of functional and structural connectivity, state-dependency and the neuronal correlates of the hemodynamic oscillations are discussed. We then consider the potential experiments that will allow insight into different brain states and disease-related network disruptions that can extend the clinical applications of resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI).

Keywords: animal model; functional MRI (fMRI); functional connectivity; macaque; non-human primate; resting-state; spontaneous activity.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sensory and motor resting-state networks of the macaque (left column) and human (right column) showing connectivity between bilateral homologs. Putative functional roles of the networks are indicated on the left. Macaque networks reproduced with permission from Hutchison et al. (2011). Human connectivity maps (N = 12) derived from ICA of data from Hutchison et al. (2012).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Homologous higher-order resting-state networks of the macaque (left column) and human (right column). Putative functional roles of the networks are indicated on the left. Macaque networks reproduced with permission from Hutchison et al. (2011). Human connectivity maps (N = 12) derived from ICA of data from Hutchison et al. (2012).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Potential default-mode network homolog of the macaque across multiple studies. See text for description. Modified with permission from (A) Vincent et al. (2007); (B) Margulies et al. (2009); (C) Vincent et al. (2010); (D) Teichert et al. (2010); (E) Hutchison et al. (2011); (F) Unpublished results from the same data set as Hutchison et al. (2011); (G,H) Mantini et al. (2011).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Registration of resting-state fronto-parietal functional connectivity maps between macaques and humans. Thresholded z-score maps derived from a seed-based analysis using a seed placed in the right frontal eye field (black asterisk) are superimposed on the dorsal view of the macaque (A, left) and human (B, left) cortical surface. The connectivity maps were then transformed into the space of the other species using cortical surface-based transformation (A,B right side). as, arcuate sulcus; cs, central sulcus; ifs, inferior frontal sulcus; ls, lateral sulcus; pos, parieto-occipital sulcus; pocs, posterior central sulcus; prcs, precentral sulcus; ps, principal sulcus; sfs, superior frontal sulcus; sts, superior temporal sulcus. Reprinted with permission from Hutchison et al. (2012).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Homologous functional subdivisions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Functional connectivity profiles of seed regions within the anterior cingulate cortex are shown for the human (left column) and macaque (right column). Color-coded seed locations are shown are shown on standard brain templates for the humans (MNI) and monkeys (F99), respectively (top). Putative functional roles are labeled. Modified with permission from Margulies et al. (2007); Hutchison et al. (2012a).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Correspondence of functional and structural connectivity patterns in the macaque. (A) Conjunction map of functional connectivity the macaque oculomotor system (left) and density of cells labeled by retrograde tracer injections into right LIP (right) displayed on dorsal views of both hemispheres. (B) Correlation map of functional connectivity of macaque posterior cingulate cortex (left) and the structural connectivity patterns injection of tracers within a location comparable to the respective seed region (right) displayed on medial and lateral views of the left hemisphere. (C) Functional connectivity matrix of 82 cortical seed regions averaged across six macaques (left) and the corresponding structural connectivity matrix derived from the CoCoMac database (right). Modified with permission from (A) Vincent et al. (2007); (B) Margulies et al. (2009) and Morecraft et al. (2004); (C) Shen et al., in preparation.
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