Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases
- PMID: 20210843
- DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x
Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases
Abstract
Energy regulation (EnR) is most important for homoeostatic regulation of physiological processes. Neuroendocrine pathways are involved in EnR. We can separate factors that provide energy-rich fuels to stores [parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, oestrogens, androgens and osteocalcin] and those that provide energy-rich substrates to consumers [sympathetic nervous system (SNS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thyroid hormones, glucagon and growth hormone]. In chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs), balanced energy-rich fuel allocation to stores and consumers, normally aligned with circadian rhythms, is largely disturbed due to the vast fuel consumption of an activated immune system (up to 2000 kJ day(-1)). Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor or interleukins 1beta and 6, circulating activated immune cells and sensory nerve fibres signal immune activation to the rest of the body. This signal is an appeal for energy-rich fuels as regulators are switched on to supply energy-rich fuels ('energy appeal reaction'). During evolution, adequate EnR evolved to cope with nonlife-threatening diseases, not with CIDs (huge negative selection pressure and reduced reproduction). Thus, EnR is inadequate in CIDs leading to many abnormalities, including sickness behaviour, anorexia, hypovitaminosis D, cachexia, cachectic obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, fat deposits near inflamed tissue, hypoandrogenaemia, mild hypercortisolaemia, activation of the SNS (hypertension), CID-related anaemia and osteopenia. Many of these conditions can contribute to the metabolic syndrome. These signs and symptoms become comprehensible in the context of an exaggerated call for energy-rich fuels by the immune system. We propose that the presented pathophysiological framework may lead to new therapeutical approaches and to a better understanding of CID sequence.
Similar articles
-
The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress: relationship to insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II.Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):879-91. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.008. Epub 2006 Jun 15. Med Hypotheses. 2006. PMID: 16781084
-
The neuroendocrine control of glucose allocation.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2002 Aug;110(5):199-211. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-33068. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2002. PMID: 12148083 Review.
-
Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance.Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006 Mar;17(1):4-12. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006. PMID: 16613757 Review.
-
The selfish brain: competition for energy resources.Prog Brain Res. 2006;153:129-40. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)53007-9. Prog Brain Res. 2006. PMID: 16876572 Review.
-
Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;295(5):E1000-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90252.2008. Epub 2008 Aug 19. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008. PMID: 18713954 Review.
Cited by
-
Multi-organ transcriptome atlas of a mouse model of relative energy deficiency in sport.Cell Metab. 2024 Sep 3;36(9):2015-2037.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.08.001. Cell Metab. 2024. PMID: 39232281
-
Association between insulin resistance and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metab Brain Dis. 2024 Jun;39(5):1015-1026. doi: 10.1007/s11011-024-01347-2. Epub 2024 May 20. Metab Brain Dis. 2024. PMID: 38767742 Review.
-
Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future.Mol Neurobiol. 2024 May 3. doi: 10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5. Online ahead of print. Mol Neurobiol. 2024. PMID: 38702566 Review.
-
Vital role for primary healthcare providers: urgent need to educate the community about daily nutritional self-care to support immune function and maintain health.BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2023 Dec 6;6(2):392-401. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000755. eCollection 2023. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2023. PMID: 38618551 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Microelement strontium and human health: comprehensive analysis of the role in inflammation and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).Front Chem. 2024 Mar 28;12:1367395. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1367395. eCollection 2024. Front Chem. 2024. PMID: 38606081 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Miscellaneous