Influence of CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells on atherogenesis in patients with end-stage kidney disease
- PMID: 18666849
- DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.7.987
Influence of CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells on atherogenesis in patients with end-stage kidney disease
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, which is influenced by both traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors and has been characterized as an inflammatory process, is considered to be the main cause of the elevated cardiovascular risk associated with chronic kidney disease. The inflammatory component of atherosclerosis can be separated into an innate immune response involving monocytes and macrophages that respond to the excessive uptake of lipoproteins and an adaptive immune response that involves antigen-specific T cells. Concurrent with the influx of immune cells to the site of atherosclerotic lesion, the role of the adaptive immune response gradually increases. One of those cells are represented by the CD4+/CD25+ Tregs, which play indispensable roles in the maintenance of natural self-tolerance and negative control of pathological, as well as physiological, immune responses. Altered self-antigens such as oxidized LDLs may induce the development of CD4+/CD25+ Tregs with atheroprotective properties. However, atherosclerosis may be promoted by an imbalance between regulatory and pathogenic immunity that may be represented by the low expression of the forkhead box transcription factor (Foxp3) in CD4+/CD25+ Tregs. Such a defect may break immunologic tolerance and alter both specific and bystander immune suppression, leading to exacerbation of plaque development. Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) display a cellular immune dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis. Uremic solutes that accumulate during ESKD may be involved in these processes. In patients with ESKD and especially in those that are chronically hemodialyzed, oxidative stress induced by oxidized LDLs may increase CD4+/CD25+ Treg sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis as a consequence of specific dysregulation of IL-2 expression. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of CD4+/CD25+ Tregs on atherogenesis in patients with ESKD, and the potential effect of statins on the circulating number and the functional properties of these cells.
Similar articles
-
Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ natural regulatory T cells in dominant self-tolerance and autoimmune disease.Immunol Rev. 2006 Aug;212:8-27. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00427.x. Immunol Rev. 2006. PMID: 16903903 Review.
-
Correlation between the degree of immune activation, production of IL-2 and FOXP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells in HIV-1 infected persons under HAART.Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Jul;9(7-8):831-6. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.03.009. Epub 2009 Mar 18. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009. PMID: 19303058
-
Role of naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in experimental atherosclerosis.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Apr;27(4):893-900. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000259365.31469.89. Epub 2007 Feb 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007. PMID: 17272749
-
The role of FoxP3+CD4+CD25hi Tregs in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.Immunol Lett. 2009 Jan 29;122(1):52-7. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.11.015. Epub 2008 Dec 25. Immunol Lett. 2009. PMID: 19111574
-
Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis and strategies to induce the endogenous atheroprotective immune response.Immunol Lett. 2013 Mar;151(1-2):10-22. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.014. Epub 2013 Feb 11. Immunol Lett. 2013. PMID: 23411158 Review.
Cited by
-
Atherosclerosis: a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by mast cells.Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40(3):380-6. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2015.54603. Epub 2015 Oct 15. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015. PMID: 26648785 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Natural regulatory T cells control coronary arteriolar endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive mice.Am J Pathol. 2011 Jan;178(1):434-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.034. Epub 2010 Dec 23. Am J Pathol. 2011. PMID: 21224080 Free PMC article.
-
Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in CKD.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Sep;25(9):2121-30. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2013070702. Epub 2014 Apr 3. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014. PMID: 24700875 Free PMC article.
-
Effect of Different Dialysis Methods on Cellular Immunity Function of Maintenance Haemodialysis Patients.West Indian Med J. 2015 Dec;64(5):499-505. doi: 10.7727/wimj.2016.178. Epub 2016 Apr 29. West Indian Med J. 2015. PMID: 27400019 Free PMC article.
-
Inhibition of lung cancer growth: ATP citrate lyase knockdown and statin treatment leads to dual blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways.J Cell Physiol. 2012 Apr;227(4):1709-20. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22895. J Cell Physiol. 2012. PMID: 21688263 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical
Research Materials
Miscellaneous