Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies

doi:10.3390/bioengineering11101029

Review

. 2024 Oct 15;11(10):1029.

doi: 10.3390/bioengineering11101029.

Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies

Benedetta Tirone¹, Anna Scarabosio^{2

3}, Pier Luigi Surico^{4

5}, Pier Camillo Parodi², Fabiana D'Esposito^{6

7}, Alessandro Avitabile⁸, Caterina Foti¹, Caterina Gagliano^{9

10}, Marco Zeppieri¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Dermatology and Venerology Section, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionan Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy.
² Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy.
³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
⁴ Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy.
⁶ Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG) Unit, Imperial College, 153-173 Marylebone Rd, London NW15QH, UK.
⁷ Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
⁸ Eye Clinic Catania San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy.
⁹ Mediterranean Foundation "G.B. Morgagni", 95125 Catania, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94100 Enna, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy.

PMID: 39451404
PMCID: PMC11504966
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11101029

Review

Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies

Benedetta Tirone et al. Bioengineering (Basel). 2024.

. 2024 Oct 15;11(10):1029.

doi: 10.3390/bioengineering11101029.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Dermatology and Venerology Section, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionan Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy.
² Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy.
³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
⁴ Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy.
⁶ Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG) Unit, Imperial College, 153-173 Marylebone Rd, London NW15QH, UK.
⁷ Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
⁸ Eye Clinic Catania San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy.
⁹ Mediterranean Foundation "G.B. Morgagni", 95125 Catania, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94100 Enna, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy.

PMID: 39451404
PMCID: PMC11504966
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11101029

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of periorbital skin malignancies, offering the potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of targeted therapies in the context of periorbital malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. It explores the mechanisms of action for various targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies, and their applications in treating these malignancies. Additionally, this review addresses the management of ocular and periocular side effects associated with these therapies, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to minimize impact and ensure patient adherence. By integrating current findings and discussing emerging trends, this review aims to highlight the advancements in targeted drug delivery and its potential to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with periorbital skin malignancies.

Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma; basocellular carcinoma; periorbital skin malignancies; squamocellular carcinoma; targeted drug delivery systems; targeted drugs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Prevalence of non-melanocytic skin cancers.

**Figure 2**
Checkpoint inhibitors’ mechanisms of action.

**Figure 3**
Erlotinib is a small-molecule inhibitor that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor involved in cell proliferation and survival. It works by competitively inhibiting the ATP-binding site of EGFR’s tyrosine kinase domain. By blocking EGFR activation, erlotinib prevents the downstream signaling pathways (such as the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways) that promote tumor cell growth, survival, and proliferation.

**Figure 4**
Simplified diagram summarizing the main molecules used for the various non-melanocytic periocular tumors.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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1. Ashique S., Sandhu N.K., Chawla V., Chawla P.A. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2021;18:1435–1455. doi: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301. - DOI - PubMed
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[1] Lee Y.T., Tan Y.J., Oon C.E. Molecular targeted therapy: Treating cancer with specificity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2018;834:188–196. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.034. - DOI - PubMed

[2] Lee Y.T., Tan Y.J., Oon C.E. Molecular targeted therapy: Treating cancer with specificity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2018;834:188–196. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.034. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Wahida A., Buschhorn L., Fröhling S., Jost P.J., Schneeweiss A., Lichter P., Kurzrock R. The coming decade in precision oncology: Six riddles. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2023;23:43–54. doi: 10.1038/s41568-022-00529-3. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Wahida A., Buschhorn L., Fröhling S., Jost P.J., Schneeweiss A., Lichter P., Kurzrock R. The coming decade in precision oncology: Six riddles. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2023;23:43–54. doi: 10.1038/s41568-022-00529-3. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Sarmento-Ribeiro A.B., Scorilas A., Gonçalves A.C., Efferth T., Trougakos I.P. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist. Updates. 2019;47:100646. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Sarmento-Ribeiro A.B., Scorilas A., Gonçalves A.C., Efferth T., Trougakos I.P. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist. Updates. 2019;47:100646. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Ashique S., Sandhu N.K., Chawla V., Chawla P.A. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2021;18:1435–1455. doi: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Ashique S., Sandhu N.K., Chawla V., Chawla P.A. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2021;18:1435–1455. doi: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Bayer V. An Overview of Monoclonal Antibodies. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2019;35:150927. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2019.08.006. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Bayer V. An Overview of Monoclonal Antibodies. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2019;35:150927. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2019.08.006. - DOI - PubMed

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Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies

Affiliations

Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies

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Abstract

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