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Review
. 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2394252.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2394252. Epub 2024 Sep 17.

Immunotherapy and delivery systems for melanoma

Hui Liu  1 , Xi Gou  1 , Yuanfang Tan  1 , Qiuying Fan  1 , Juanjuan Chen  1
Affiliations
Review

Immunotherapy and delivery systems for melanoma

Hui Liu et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor of melanocyte origin that is prone to early metastasis and has a very poor prognosis. Early melanoma treatment modalities are mainly surgical, and treatment strategies for advanced or metastatic melanoma contain chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy has been unsatisfactory due to low sensitivity and strong toxic side effects. And targeted therapy is prone to drug resistance, so its clinical application is limited. Melanoma has always been the leader of immunotherapy for solid tumors, and how to maximize the role of immunotherapy and how to implement immunotherapy more accurately are still urgent to be explored. This review summarizes the common immunotherapies and applications for melanoma, illustrates the current research status of melanoma immunotherapy delivery systems, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each delivery system and its prospects for clinical application.

Keywords: Melanoma; delivery system; immunotherapy; nanoparticles; tumor vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Different types of melanoma immunotherapy. They mainly consist of cancer vaccines, blockade of immune checkpoints (e.g. antibody), adoptive cell therapy, cytokine therapy, infection of oncolytic viruses.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Some representative formats of immunotherapy delivery systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be formed by different materials, including liposomes, polymers, dendritic polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, and exosomes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grants [82160314 and 81960497] to J.C. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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