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Review
. 2024 Nov:183:156751.
doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156751. Epub 2024 Sep 7.

Monkeypox (Mpox) vs. Innate immune responses: Insights into evasion mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies

Pouya Pashazadeh Azari  1 , Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd  2 , Javad Charostad  3 , Davood Bashash  4 , Niloofar Farsiu  2 , Saleh Behzadi  5 , Seyedeh Mahdieh Khoshnazar  2 , Sajjad Heydari  1 , Mohsen Nakhaie  6
Affiliations
Review

Monkeypox (Mpox) vs. Innate immune responses: Insights into evasion mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies

Pouya Pashazadeh Azari et al. Cytokine. 2024 Nov.

Abstract

Orthopoxviruses, a group of zoonotic viral infections, have emerged as a significant health emergency and global concern, particularly exemplified by the re-emergence of monkeypox (Mpox). Effectively addressing these viral infections necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between the viruses and the host's immune response. In this review, we aim to elucidate the multifaceted aspects of innate immunity in the context of orthopoxviruses, with a specific focus on monkeypox virus (MPXV). We provide an in-depth analysis of the roles of key innate immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and granulocytes, in the host defense against MPXV. Furthermore, we explore the interferon (IFN) response, highlighting the involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic DNA/RNA sensors in detecting and responding to the viral presence. This review also examines the complement system's contribution to the immune response and provides a detailed analysis of the immune evasion strategies employed by MPXV to evade host defenses. Additionally, we discuss current prevention and treatment strategies for Mpox, including pre-exposure (PrEP) and post-exposure (PoEP) prophylaxis, supportive treatments, antivirals, and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG).

Keywords: Evasion; Innate immune response; Monkeypox; Orthopoxvirus; Treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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