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Review
. 2024 Aug 16;16(8):1076.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081076.

Recent Review on Biological Barriers and Host-Material Interfaces in Precision Drug Delivery: Advancement in Biomaterial Engineering for Better Treatment Therapies

Rohitas Deshmukh  1 , Pranshul Sethi  2 , Bhupendra Singh  3   4 , Jailani Shiekmydeen  5 , Sagar Salave  6 , Ravish J Patel  7 , Nemat Ali  8 , Summya Rashid  9 , Gehan M Elossaily  10 , Arun Kumar  11
Affiliations
Review

Recent Review on Biological Barriers and Host-Material Interfaces in Precision Drug Delivery: Advancement in Biomaterial Engineering for Better Treatment Therapies

Rohitas Deshmukh et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that precision therapy has a broad variety of treatment applications, making it an interesting research topic with exciting potential in numerous sectors. However, major obstacles, such as inefficient and unsafe delivery systems and severe side effects, have impeded the widespread use of precision medicine. The purpose of drug delivery systems (DDSs) is to regulate the time and place of drug release and action. They aid in enhancing the equilibrium between medicinal efficacy on target and hazardous side effects off target. One promising approach is biomaterial-assisted biotherapy, which takes advantage of biomaterials' special capabilities, such as high biocompatibility and bioactive characteristics. When administered via different routes, drug molecules deal with biological barriers; DDSs help them overcome these hurdles. With their adaptable features and ample packing capacity, biomaterial-based delivery systems allow for the targeted, localised, and prolonged release of medications. Additionally, they are being investigated more and more for the purpose of controlling the interface between the host tissue and implanted biomedical materials. This review discusses innovative nanoparticle designs for precision and non-personalised applications to improve precision therapies. We prioritised nanoparticle design trends that address heterogeneous delivery barriers, because we believe intelligent nanoparticle design can improve patient outcomes by enabling precision designs and improving general delivery efficacy. We additionally reviewed the most recent literature on biomaterials used in biotherapy and vaccine development, covering drug delivery, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and other similar fields; we have also addressed the difficulties and future potential of biomaterial-assisted biotherapies.

Keywords: biological barriers; biomaterial; drug delivery; drug molecule; nanotechnology; precision therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of biological barriers that nanoparticles can help overcome.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Nanomaterials as precision medicine in cancer treatment. A high-level overview of the potential uses of nanoparticles (NPs) in precision medicine (outside ring) and the biological obstacles that NPs can circumvent (inside ring). Intelligent NP designs that boost delivery can potentially speed the clinical translation of precision medicines by improving their performance, as addressed in this review. RNP is for ribonucleoprotein; CAR stands for chimeric antigen receptor; EGFR stands for epidermal growth factor receptor; EPR stands for improved permeability and retention.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Wound healing in a model immersed in seawater using a chitosan-phenoxyethyl acrylate hydrogel. (A) A schematic showing the rat model of an experimental whole-layer wound immersed in seawater. (B) Images of wounds taken at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days under various treatment conditions. (C) Rate of wound healing in various treatment groups at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days. (D) Images of wounds at 7 and 14 days after treatment using H&E and Masson staining in various treatment groups. There are neovascular sebaceous glands (blue arrows), hair follicles (green arrows), and neovascular epithelia (yellow arrows) represented by the neovascularisation (red arrows). Masson staining photos reveal blue collagen. (E) Comparing various treatment groups at 7 days using immunohistochemistry for IL-6, TNF-α, VEFG, and immunofluorescence staining of CD31. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01. Adapted from Zhao et al., 2024 [97].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer cells. Nanoparticles penetrates the skin layer and target to tumour cells and thus, clear lymphatic drainage.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Improved vascular biocompatibility achieved by TiO2 nanotubes decorated with multifunctional Ag nanoparticles. Characterisation of ex vivo blood compatibility. The anticoagulant characteristics were evaluated ex vivo, as shown in photo (A). (B) Cross-sectional photos of the sample-containing catheters are shown after 30 min of circulation, with the thrombus on the sample surfaces visible at the front. This is the occlusion rate of the samples. (C) Occlusion rate of samples. (D) The samples of thrombosis were weighed. These are scanning electron micrographs of the samples (E). Adopted from Chen et al. (2021) [117]. * p < 0.05.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Nanoprimer to improve systemic delivery and biodistribution of nanoparticles. (A) Treatment with nanoparticle gives low protein production due to liver clearance of NPs. (B) Treatment with nanoprimer with nanoparticle gives increased protein production due to greater NP availability.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticle delivery system.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic representation of migratory stem cell therapeutics against cancer cells. Using biomaterials in stem cell treatment, controlling the 3D cell culture’s changeable matrix characteristics controls differentiation, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and attachment. A spatiotemporally controlled 3D culture with customisable characteristics can simulate the native ECM, to guide stem cell behaviour to generate organoids or organs-on-chips. Organoids and OOCs are used for disease modelling, drug screening, etc. These 3D culture features can be used to build injectable hydrogels and stem cell patches for stem cell delivery. Low invasiveness, great efficiency, and reduced cell death are the advantages of these cell transport vehicles.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Active targeting of cancer stem cells with nanoparticles.
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