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Review
. 2024 Aug 5;9(33):35223-35242.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01774. eCollection 2024 Aug 20.

Current Overview on the Use of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ozlem Ozceylan  1   2 , Zerrin Sezgin-Bayindir  3
Affiliations
Review

Current Overview on the Use of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ozlem Ozceylan et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, prion disease, and Huntington's disease, present a growing health concern as human life expectancy increases. Despite this, effective treatments to halt disease progression remain elusive due to various factors, including challenges in drug delivery across physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and patient compliance issues leading to treatment discontinuation. In response, innovative treatment approaches leveraging noninvasive techniques with higher patient compliance are emerging as promising alternatives. This Review aims to synthesize current treatment options and the challenges encountered in managing neurodegenerative diseases, while also exploring innovative treatment modalities. Specifically, noninvasive strategies such as intranasal administration and nanosized drug delivery systems are gaining prominence for their potential to enhance treatment efficacy and patient adherence. Nanosized drug delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, and nanoparticles, are evaluated within the context of outstanding studies. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed, providing insights into their therapeutic potential and limitations. Through this comprehensive examination, this Review contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the development of effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Factors that trigger neuron damage and lead to neurodegenerative disease. Internal and external contributors lead to complex series of events that result in neurodegeneration. Environmental toxins, pollution, heavy metals, genetic predisposition, gene mutations, protein misfolding, oxidative stress in cells, and lack of energy production in mitochondria are among several factors. (This figure was created with BioRender.com).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Physiological barriers that protect the CNS from harmful toxins and provide a stable environment for optimal function limit the passage of drugs to the CNS. The passage of substances into the CNS is tightly protected by various physiological barriers: (a) the blood–brain barrier, (b) the blood–cerebrospinal barrier, (c) multidrug resistant proteins, (d) the blood–spinal cord barrier, and (e) the arachnoid barrier. (This figure was created with BioRender.com).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Various nanosized drug delivery systems: (a) liposomes, (b) solid lipid nanoparticles, (c) polymeric nanoparticle, (d) dendrimer, (e) polymeric micelles, (f) carbon nanotubes, (g) inorganic nanoparticles, (h) exosomes, (i) cell membrane coated nanoparticles. (This figure was created with BioRender.com).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Reprinted with permission from ref (136). Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (A) The study includes representative images of dendritic segments from cortical layer II/III pyramidal neurons, visualized using Golgi staining on brain sections. (B, C) Quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the density of apical and basal dendritic segments in cortical layer II/III pyramidal neurons, as well as spine density in hippocampus CA1 pyramidal neurons. (D) Western blotting analysis was performed to detect specific protein expression levels. (E, F) The study involved quantifying the levels of Synapsin1 and PSD95 proteins in the cortex, providing insights into synaptic protein dynamics. (G) Representative images obtained through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) illustrate the ultrastructure of dorsal hippocampus neurons. The experimental conditions or treatments mentioned (M, RBC-MIC hybrid membrane; CA, curcumin-aspirin esterl; MI, minocycline; MCAGP, CA loading the graphene oxide quantum dots nanosize carrier with the modification of a hybrid cell membrane) were applied to investigate their effects on the observed parameters, such as dendritic morphology and protein levels.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Repair of the spatial learning abilities of AD model mice. Adapted with permission from ref (138). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (A) The time taken to reach the escape point for each group. (B) Recorded swimming paths representing different groups. (C) The number of times the platform was crossed on the final day after its removal. (D) Proportionate time spent in the target quadrant. The data are shown as mean values with standard deviations (n = 5). *Signifies statistical significance at P < 0.05. **Signifies statistical significance at P < 0.01..
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