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. 2024 Nov;39(15):3018-3027.
doi: 10.1007/s11606-024-08889-2. Epub 2024 Jul 17.

Reaching Structurally Vulnerable Populations Using Low-Barrier COVID-19 Testing Clinics Co-Created with Community-Based Organizations

David N Ngandu  1 , Gloria D Sclar  1 , Ambia Ahmed  1 , Sumayo A Awale  1 , Caroline Fernandes  2 , Joshua Goldstein  3 , Hina Hashmi  1 , Shruti Joshi  4 , Swapnika Mallipeddi  1 , Marie Louise Mudasigana  5 , Leslie Nicoll  6 , Daisy E Parker  7 , Grace Price  1   8 , Ann Tucker  5 , Elizabeth A Vinton  3 , Andrew Volkers  2 , Elizabeth A Jacobs  9 , Kathleen M Fairfield  10   11
Affiliations

Reaching Structurally Vulnerable Populations Using Low-Barrier COVID-19 Testing Clinics Co-Created with Community-Based Organizations

David N Ngandu et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Nov.

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected people from structurally vulnerable communities. There was a need to improve COVID-19 testing in these communities to reduce viral spread and connect to treatment.

Objective: We created a partnership between an academic medical center and three community-based organizations (CBOs) to offer low-barrier COVID-19 walk-up testing clinics in Portland, Maine. Our objective was to examine whether the co-created testing clinics reached structurally vulnerable populations.

Design: The clinics offered COVID-19 rapid antigen tests three times a week outside CBO sites from January 2022 to May 2023. Clinic staff administered a brief survey on reason for testing and then instructed participants on how to self-swab. While staff processed the test, participants were invited to complete an additional survey about their demographics and testing perceptions.

Participants: Adults seeking COVID-19 testing with specific outreach to people who are unhoused, immigrants, and low-income and/or uninsured.

Main measures: Number of tests conducted and result, reasons for testing, and testing perceptions.

Key results: Of 246 completed tests, 18 were positive for COVID-19 (7%). Participants sought testing for a variety of reasons, including symptoms (60%), close contact exposure (29%), and/or need for a negative test result to access services or an activity (33%). Overall, people primarily tested due to symptoms with only 7% testing due to close contact exposure alone. The clinics reached vulnerable populations. Among the 130 people completing the participant survey, 39% were unhoused, 22% spoke a language other than English at home, 23% were uninsured, and 46% earned less than $20,000 in 2019. Qualitative field notes captured key elements of clinics that influenced reach, and how this collaboration with CBOs helped build trust with our target populations.

Conclusions: Providing low-barrier walk-up clinics partnering with trusted CBOs was observed to be helpful in reaching structurally vulnerable populations for COVID-19 testing.

Keywords: COVID-19 testing; community engaged; structurally vulnerable.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest. Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Prior to issuing a press release concerning the outcome of this research, please notify the NIH awarding IC in advance to allow for coordination.

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