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. 2024 Jul 16;14(1):16390.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66412-3.

Influence of gender on clinical presentation, management practices and outcomes of ocular syphilis

Melissa K Shields  1 , Tiago E Arantes  2 , Stewart R Lake  1 , Rubens Belfort Jr  3 , Cristina Muccioli  3 , Heloisa Nascimento  3 , Rafael de Pinho Queiroz  4 , Daniel V Vasconcelos-Santos  4 , João M Furtado #  5 , Justine R Smith #  6
Affiliations

Influence of gender on clinical presentation, management practices and outcomes of ocular syphilis

Melissa K Shields et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Ocular syphilis is a re-emerging inflammatory eye disease with a clear gender imbalance, disproportionately affecting men. We investigated the impact of gender on the presentation, management practices and clinical outcomes of this condition. Data generated from a study of patients consecutively diagnosed with ocular syphilis who attended a subspecialist uveitis service at one of four hospitals in Brazil over a 30-month period were disaggregated for analysis by gender. Two-hundred and fourteen eyes (161 men and 53 women) of 127 patients (96 men and 31 women) were included. Posterior uveitis was the most common presentation in both men and women (80.1% vs. 66.7%, p > 0.05), but men were significantly more likely to have vitritis as a feature of their disease (49.4% versus 28.8%, p = 0.019). Three eyes of women had nodular anterior scleritis (p = 0.015). Men were more likely to undergo a lumbar puncture to assess for neurosyphilis (71.9% vs. 51.6%, p = 0.048), but men and women undergoing a lumbar puncture were equally likely to have a cerebrospinal fluid abnormality (36.2% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.393). All patients were treated with aqueous penicillin G or ceftriaxone, and there was a trend towards more men receiving adjunctive systemic corticosteroid treatment as part of their management (65.2% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.071). There were no significant differences in the age of presentation, bilaterality of disease, anatomical classification of uveitis, initial or final visual acuity, and rates of ocular complications between men and women. Our findings indicate that ocular syphilis has comparable outcomes in men and women, but that there are differences in the type of ocular inflammation and management practices between the genders.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Kaplan–Meier plots showing the proportion of men versus women with ocular syphilis who remained free from the following outcomes over time, measured in years: (A) visual acuity ≤ 20/200; (B) cataract; (C) ocular hypertension or glaucoma; (D) epiretinal membrane; (E) optic nerve atrophy; (F) rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Time 0.00 on the x-axis corresponds to the day of the first ophthalmic examination.
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