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Review
. 2024 Jul 15:28:0045.
doi: 10.34133/bmr.0045. eCollection 2024.

Recent Advancements in Biomaterials for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy

Gaoyu Yu  1 , Zhichao Ye  2   3 , Yuyang Yuan  2   3   4 , Xiaofeng Wang  5 , Tianyu Li  3   4 , Yi Wang  3 , Yifan Wang  2   3   4 , Jianing Yan  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advancements in Biomaterials for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy

Gaoyu Yu et al. Biomater Res. .

Abstract

Cellular immunotherapy is an innovative cancer treatment method that utilizes the patient's own immune system to combat tumor cells effectively. Currently, the mainstream therapeutic approaches include chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, T cell receptor gene-modified T cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor natural killer-cell therapy with CAR-T therapy mostly advanced. Nonetheless, the conventional manufacturing process of this therapy has shortcomings in each step that call for improvement. Marked efforts have been invested for its enhancement while notable progresses achieved in the realm of biomaterials application. With CAR-T therapy as a prime example, the aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss the various biomaterials used in cell immunotherapy, their roles in regulating immune cells, and their potential for breakthroughs in cancer treatment from gene transduction to efficacy enhancement. This article additionally addressed widely adopted animal models for efficacy evaluating.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
(A) Schematics of the hybrid AAV-Sleeping Beauty (AAV-SB) construct, SB100X mRNA electroporation and CAR T/NK/macrophage/iPSC generation, which formed 2 core components of mRNA AAV–SB joint engineering of stable therapeutic immune cells (MAJESTIC) system. Copyright © 2023, Lupeng Ye et al., under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited [55]. (B) A schematic overview of intracellular delivery by membrane permeabilization with photothermal nanofibers. Copyright © 2021, Ranhua Xiong et al., under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited [69].
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
(A) Schematic of the T cell-targeted in vitro transcribed mRNA nanocarrier. Copyright © 2020, N. N. Parayath et al. [90]. (B) Schematic of LNP synthesis including the components used to make LNPs via microfluidic mixing and the expected resulting structure. Copyright © 2022, American Chemical Society [94].
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
(A) Schematic of labeling strategy to monitor T cell distribution following transplantation in tumor-bearing mice. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd [105]. (B) Schematic of the dual-modal nanoprobe loaded engineered T cells, which enables fluorescence and CT imaging for real-time monitoring of the cells in vivo. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd [106].
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
(A) Schematic of the tumor resection model and implantation of the engineered HA hydrogel, which was developed by a biodegradable hydrogel reservoir that encapsulates CAR-Ts targeting the human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4. Copyright © 2021, Quanyin Hu et al., under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited [138]. (B) A synergetic strategy by combination of nanozymes and CAR-Ts in solid tumors for enhanced infiltration and effector function of CAR-Ts. Copyright © 2021, Wiley [162].
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
(A) Characterization of PMN patch for CAR-T loading and delivery. Copyright © 2021, © Li, Hongjun; Wang, Zejun 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd [151]. (B) A CAR-T-based live microrobot (M-CAR T) created by decorating CAR T with immunomagnetic beads using click conjugation. Copyright © 2023, Wiley [159].
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
(A) Rapid MASTER-mediated CAR-T generation and therapy compared to conventional CAR-T therapy. Copyright © 2022, Pritha Agarwalla et al., under exclusive license to Springer Nature America, Inc [160]. (B) Biomaterial scaffold niche in the area of cancer immunotherapy. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society [161]. (C) Schematic illustration demonstrating our proposed delivery method for CAR-Ts to solid tumors compared to tradition intravenous approaches. Copyright © 2022 Abigail K. Grosskopf et al. [32]. (D) Schematic of the injectable CAR-T delivery system. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd [31]. (E) Schematic illustration of tumor resection and implantation of CAR-T@Met/gel. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd [141].
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