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. 2024 May 22;13(11):1437.
doi: 10.3390/plants13111437.

Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus Extract and Its Major Component, Geraniin, Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication

Yeong-Geun Lee  1 , Dae Won Park  2 , Jeong Eun Kwon  1 , Hyunggun Kim  3 , Se Chan Kang  1
Affiliations

Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus Extract and Its Major Component, Geraniin, Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication

Yeong-Geun Lee et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus (ES), which our research group had confirmed inhibits influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, was investigated to identify new potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) replication. To clarify the optimal condition for ES extract (ESE), ES was extracted at different concentrations of 0, 30, 50, 70, and 100%, to screen for its anti-HSV-1 effect. Among these ESE samples, ESE50 (50% concentration) exhibited the strongest inhibition of HSV-1 replication (EC50 23.2 μg/mL) while showing low cytotoxicity on host cells (IC50 342.8 μg/mL). The treatment of ESE50 clearly demonstrated a decrease in the expression of ICP0 in the lungs of HSV-1-infected BALB/c nude mice, compared to the MOCK group. Geraniin, which was isolated from ESE50 and analyzed using ESI-MS and 1D-(1H- and 13C-) and 2D-NMR, showed greater potency in inhibiting HSV-1 replication, as determined by the plaque reduction assay (EC50 8.3 μg/mL) and luciferase inhibition (EC50 36.9 μg/mL). The results demonstrate that ESE50 and geraniin show great potential as candidates for new drug discovery in the treatment of HSV-1 and related diseases.

Keywords: Elaeocarpus sylvestris; herpes simplex virus–1; natural products inhibiting luciferase.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dae Won Park is employed by GENENCELL Co., Ltd. The other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Anti-HSV–1 effect of treatment with ESE50 in the HSV–1-infected mouse model. # Different from the MOCK group (p < 0.05); * Different from the untreated CON group (p < 0.05). MOCK, normal control group; CON, HSV–1 infection control; ACV, HSV–1 infection and 25 mg/kg bw/d of acyclovir.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) HPLC chromatograms of ESE50, and (b) chemical structures of the isolated components.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antiviral activity of ESE50 and its components against HSV–1 in Vero cells. Vero cells cultured in a six-well tissue culture plate were infected with HSV-1 (HF strain) at 0.3 m.o.i./well for 2.5 h, and then removed and overlaid with agarose. They were cultured for 4 days with DMEM containing diluted ESE50 and geraniin. (a,d) Cell sheets were stained and fixed with crystal violet, and the total number of plaques was quantified. (b,e) For luciferase activity, RLuc and luciferase activities were assayed using a luciferase assay system and a GlpMax 20/20 single-tube luminometer. (c,f) Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. * Different from the MOCK group (p < 0.05). MOCK, normal control group; CON, HSV–1 infection control.
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