Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

doi:10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5

Review

. 2024 Jun 18;25(6):140.

doi: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5.

Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

Mohamed J Saadh¹, Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa², Ashwani Kumar^{3

4}, Hassan Thoulfikar A Alamir⁵, Abhishek Kumar^{6

7}, Shaymaa Abdulhameed Khudair⁸, Ahmed Faisal⁹, Mahmood Hasen Shuhata Alubiady¹⁰, Sarah Salah Jalal¹¹, Shafik Shaker Shafik¹², Irfan Ahmad¹³, Faeza A F Khry¹⁴, Munther Kadhim Abosaoda^{15

16

17}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan. msaadeh@meu.edu.jo.
² Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq.
³ Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
⁴ Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
⁵ Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Al-Ameed, Najaf, Iraq.
⁶ School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India.
⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India.
⁸ Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq.
¹⁰ Department of Pharmacy, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq.
¹¹ College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq.
¹² Experimental Nuclear Radiation Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq.
¹³ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴ Faculty of pharmacy, department of pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq.
¹⁵ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
¹⁶ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq.
¹⁷ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.

PMID: 38890191
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5

Review

Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

Mohamed J Saadh et al. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024.

. 2024 Jun 18;25(6):140.

doi: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan. msaadeh@meu.edu.jo.
² Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq.
³ Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
⁴ Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
⁵ Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Al-Ameed, Najaf, Iraq.
⁶ School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India.
⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India.
⁸ Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq.
¹⁰ Department of Pharmacy, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq.
¹¹ College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq.
¹² Experimental Nuclear Radiation Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq.
¹³ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴ Faculty of pharmacy, department of pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq.
¹⁵ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
¹⁶ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq.
¹⁷ College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.

PMID: 38890191
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5

Abstract

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.

Keywords: cancer therapy; clinical applications; drug delivery; nanocarriers; stealth effect.

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References

1. Liu X, Reiss C, Focus. A multifaceted battle against Cancer: a multifaceted battle against Cancer. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(2):105. - PubMed - PMC
1. Fesler A, Ju J. Development of microRNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer. J Pancreatology. 2019;2(04):147–51. - DOI
1. Panakkal N, Lekshmi A, Saraswathy VV, Sujathan K. Effective lung cancer control: an unaccomplished challenge in cancer research. CytoJournal. 2023;20(16):36.
1. Cao J, Chen C, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen Z, Luo X. Influence of autologous dendritic cells on cytokine–induced killer cell proliferation, cell phenotype and antitumor activity in vitro. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(3):2033–7. - PubMed - PMC - DOI
1. Gottesman MM, Lavi O, Hall MD, Gillet J-P. Toward a better understanding of the complexity of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;56:85–102. - PubMed - DOI

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[1] Liu X, Reiss C, Focus. A multifaceted battle against Cancer: a multifaceted battle against Cancer. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(2):105. - PubMed - PMC

[2] Liu X, Reiss C, Focus. A multifaceted battle against Cancer: a multifaceted battle against Cancer. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(2):105. - PubMed - PMC

[3] Fesler A, Ju J. Development of microRNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer. J Pancreatology. 2019;2(04):147–51. - DOI

[4] Fesler A, Ju J. Development of microRNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer. J Pancreatology. 2019;2(04):147–51. - DOI

[5] Panakkal N, Lekshmi A, Saraswathy VV, Sujathan K. Effective lung cancer control: an unaccomplished challenge in cancer research. CytoJournal. 2023;20(16):36.

[6] Panakkal N, Lekshmi A, Saraswathy VV, Sujathan K. Effective lung cancer control: an unaccomplished challenge in cancer research. CytoJournal. 2023;20(16):36.

[7] Cao J, Chen C, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen Z, Luo X. Influence of autologous dendritic cells on cytokine–induced killer cell proliferation, cell phenotype and antitumor activity in vitro. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(3):2033–7. - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[8] Cao J, Chen C, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen Z, Luo X. Influence of autologous dendritic cells on cytokine–induced killer cell proliferation, cell phenotype and antitumor activity in vitro. Oncol Lett. 2016;12(3):2033–7. - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[9] Gottesman MM, Lavi O, Hall MD, Gillet J-P. Toward a better understanding of the complexity of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;56:85–102. - PubMed - DOI

[10] Gottesman MM, Lavi O, Hall MD, Gillet J-P. Toward a better understanding of the complexity of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;56:85–102. - PubMed - DOI

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Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

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Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

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