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Review
. 2024 Aug;56(8):669-677.
doi: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2367742. Epub 2024 Jun 18.

Intestinal mucosal immunity is unimportant for polio eradication: the failure of oral polio vaccination

T Jacob John  1 , Dhanya Dharmapalan  2 , Norbert Hirschhorn  3
Affiliations
Review

Intestinal mucosal immunity is unimportant for polio eradication: the failure of oral polio vaccination

T Jacob John et al. Infect Dis (Lond). 2024 Aug.

Abstract

Aims: To explore if intestinal immunity induced by infection with live viruses in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is essential, necessary or even helpful in interrupting transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV) for global polio eradication.

Methods: We reviewed the biology of virus-host interactions in WPV infection and its alterations by OPV-induced immunity for direct evidence of the usefulness of intestinal immunity. We also explored indirect evidence by way of the effect of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on the biology and on transmission dynamics of WPV.

Results: Immunity, systemic and intestinal, induced by infection with WPV or vaccine viruses, does not prevent re-infection with WPV or vaccine viruses respectively, when exposed. Such re-infected hosts shed virus in the throat and in faeces and are sources of further transmission. Immunity protects against polio paralysis-hence reinfection always remain asymptommatic and silent.

Conclusion: Vaccine virus-induced intestinal immunity is not necessary for polio eradication. The continued and intensive vaccination efforts using OPV under the assumption of its superiority over IPV have resulted in the well-known undesirable effects, namely vaccine associated paralytic polio and the emergence of de-attenuated circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, in addition to the delay in completing global WPV eradication.

Keywords: Herd effect; inactivated poliovirus vaccine; route of transmission; secretory IgA; vaccine-derived poliovirus; wild poliovirus.

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