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. 2024 Apr 27:22:101421.
doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101421. eCollection 2024 Jun 30.

Exploring the dietary strategies of phenylalanine: Improving muscle nutraceutical quality as well as muscle glycogen and protein deposition in adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Jing-Feng Han  1 , Lin Feng  1   2   3 , Wei-Dan Jiang  1   2   3 , Pei Wu  1   2   3 , Yang Liu  1   2   3 , Ling Tang  4 , Shu-Wei Li  4 , Cheng-Bo Zhong  4 , Xiao-Qiu Zhou  1   2   3
Affiliations

Exploring the dietary strategies of phenylalanine: Improving muscle nutraceutical quality as well as muscle glycogen and protein deposition in adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Jing-Feng Han et al. Food Chem X. .

Abstract

Muscle is the main edible part of bony fish. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of phenylalanine (Phe) on muscle quality, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, glucose metabolism, and protein deposition in adult grass carp. The diets at 2.30, 4.63, 7.51, 10.97, 13.53, and 17.07 g/kg Phe levels were fed for 9 weeks. The results manifested that Phe (10.97-13.53 g/kg) increased the pH of the fillets and decreased muscle cooking loss and lactic acid content; Phe (7.51-17.07 g/kg) improved the composition of the fillets in terms of flavor (free) amino acids, bound amino acids (especially EAA), and fatty acids (especially EPA and DHA); Phe (7.51-13.53 g/kg) increased muscle glycogen content (possibly related to the AMPK signaling pathway) and muscle protein deposition (possibly related to IGF-1/4EBP1/TOR and AKT/FOXOs signaling pathways). In conclusion, a diet with appropriate Phe levels could improve fillet quality.

Keywords: Amino acid; Fatty acid; Fillet quality; Glucose metabolism; Phenylalanine; Protein deposition.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Effects of dietary Phe on the free amino acids (FAA) and bound amino acids composition in adult grass carp muscle. (A) Umami-tasting amino acids in muscle; (B) sweet-tasting amino acids in muscle; (C - E) other free amino acids in muscle; (F) EAA content of bound amino acids in muscle; (G) NEAA content of bound amino acids in muscle. Values are means ± SD, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effects of dietary Phe on the fatty acid (FA) profile (% of total FA methyl esters) in adult grass carp muscle. (A) Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); (B) Saturated fatty acid (SFA) and Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA); (C) Atherogenicity index (AI) and Thrombogenicity index (TI); (D/E) Other fatty acid (FA). Values are means ± SD, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of feed addition of Phe on glycogen content in muscle of grass carp. (A) Enzyme activities and content of glucose metabolism indexes, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate; (B) PAS staining and P-AMPK Immunofluorescence of muscle, purple part is glycogen (black arrows); (C) Bubble plot of mRNA levels associated with muscle glucose metabolism pathways, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate; (D) The protein levels of T-AMPK, P-AMPK, and P-AMPK/ T- AMPK, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate. Values are means ± SD. Mean values within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). HK: hexokinase (nmol/min/mg protein); PFK: phosphofructokinase (U/mg protein); PK: pyruvate kinase (U/g tissue). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Influences of dietary Phe on parameters related to muscle protein synthesis and degradation in adult grass carp muscle. (A) Bubble plot of mRNA levels associated with muscle glucose metabolism pathways; (B) protein synthesis pathway-related protein levels in muscle; (C) Bubble plot of ubiquitin protease pathway-related mRNA levels in muscle; (D) Ubiquitin protease pathway-related protein levels in muscle. Values are means ± SD, n for 3 replicate groups, 2 fish per replicate. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
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