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Review
. 2024 Mar 23;13(4):273.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens13040273.

Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Use for Polio Outbreak Response: A Global Effort for a Global Health Emergency

Feyrouz Damji Kurji  1 , Ananda Sankar Bandyopadhyay  2 , Simona Zipursky  2 , Laura V Cooper  3 , Chris Gast  4 , Margaret Toher  4 , Ralf Clemens  5 , Sue Ann Costa Clemens  6 , Rayasam Prasad  2 , Adriansjah Azhari  7
Affiliations
Review

Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Use for Polio Outbreak Response: A Global Effort for a Global Health Emergency

Feyrouz Damji Kurji et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

A sharp rise in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreaks in the years following the cessation of routine use of poliovirus type 2-containing oral polio vaccine and the trend of seeding new emergences with suboptimal vaccination response during the same time-period led to the accelerated development of the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), a vaccine with enhanced genetic stability and lower likelihood of reversion to neuroparalytic variants compared to its Sabin counterpart. In November 2020, nOPV2 became the first vaccine to be granted an Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification Team (PQT), allowing close to a billion doses to be used by countries within three years after its first rollout and leading to full licensure and WHO prequalification (PQ) in December 2023. The nOPV2 development process exemplifies how scientific advances and innovative tools can be applied to combat global health emergencies in an urgent and adaptive way, building on a collaborative effort among scientific, regulatory and implementation partners and policymakers across the globe.

Keywords: WHO prequalification; emergency use listing; novel oral poliovirus vaccine; poliovirus; public health emergency of international concern; vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Modifications made to the Sabin Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 virus genome to design novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
nOPV2 usage framework (endorsed by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts to the WHO).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scale of novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 use for outbreak response under Emergency Use Listing authorization (between 1 March 2021 and 31 December 2023).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Safety monitoring framework.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Working Group of Global Polio Eradication Initiative.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Maximum number of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) or novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) before interruption of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses type 2 (cVDPV2) transmission in 19 countries that have used both vaccines (excluding Somalia, which also used trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV)). Interruption of transmission is defined as 180 days with no detection of cVDPV2 in poliomyelitis cases or environmental surveillance. Data were downloaded on 5 Feb 2024 from the Polio Information System [25]. Asterisks (*) indicate countries where the most recent detection is within 180 days of the most recent surveillance data, so interruption cannot yet be confirmed.
Figure 7
Figure 7
nOPV2: From idea generation to field use [adapted from 9].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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