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. 2024 Mar 16;16(3):154.
doi: 10.3390/toxins16030154.

The Effects of T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, and Fumonisin B1 on Oxidative Stress-Related Genes in the Kidneys of Laying Hens

Benjamin Kövesi  1 , Szabina Kulcsár  2 , Zsolt Ancsin  1 , Márta Erdélyi  1 , Erika Zándoki  2 , Patrik Gömbös  3 , Krisztián Balogh  1   2 , Miklós Mézes  1   2
Affiliations

The Effects of T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, and Fumonisin B1 on Oxidative Stress-Related Genes in the Kidneys of Laying Hens

Benjamin Kövesi et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

In the context of nephrotoxic risks associated with environmental contaminants, this study focused on the impact of mycotoxin exposure on the renal health of laying hens, with particular attention to oxidative stress pathways. Sixty laying hens were assigned to three groups-a control group (CON), a low-dose mycotoxin group (LOW), and a high-dose mycotoxin group (HIGH)-and monitored for 72 h. Mycotoxin contamination involved T-2/HT-2 toxin, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON, and FB1 at their EU-recommended levels (low mix) and at double doses (high mix). Clinical assessments revealed no signs of toxicity or notable weight changes. Analysis of the glutathione redox system parameters demonstrated that the reduced glutathione content was lower than that in the controls at 48 h and higher at 72 h. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased in response to mycotoxin exposure. In addition, the gene expression patterns of key redox-sensitive pathways, including Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and the AhR pathway, were examined. Notably, gene expression profiles revealed dynamic responses to mycotoxin exposure over time, underscoring the intricate interplay of redox-related mechanisms in the kidney. This study sheds light on the early effects of mycotoxin mixtures on laying hens' kidneys and their potential for oxidative stress.

Keywords: T-2 toxin; aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr); deoxynivalenol; fumonisin B1; laying hens; multi-mycotoxin exposure; nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2); oxidative stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of two multi-mycotoxin doses on reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity in the kidneys of laying hens. Ctr, control group. Low mix: T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.24 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 1.25 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed. High mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.46 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 3.65 mg; FB1: 40.3 mg/kg feed. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatment groups at the same time. Capital letters indicate significant differences between times for the same treatment. T = treatment effect. H = time effect. T × H = treatment × time effect.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of two multi-mycotoxin doses on the relative expression levels of the GPX3, GPX4, GS, and GR genes in the kidneys of laying hens. Ctr, control group. Low mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.24 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 1.25 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed. High mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.46 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 3.65 mg; FB1: 40.3 mg/kg feed. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatment groups at the same time. Capital letters indicate significant differences between times for the same treatment. T = treatment effect. H = time effect. T × H = treatment × time effect.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of two multi-mycotoxin doses on the relative expression levels of the KEAP1 and NRF2 genes in the kidneys of laying hens. Ctr, control group. Low mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.24 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 1.25 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed. High mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.46 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 3.65 mg; FB1: 40.3 mg/kg feed. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatment groups at the same time. Capital letters indicate significant differences between times for the same treatment. T = treatment effect. H = time effect. T × H = treatment × time effect.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of two multi-mycotoxin doses on the relative expression levels of the AHR, AHRR, HSP90, and CYP1A2 genes in the kidneys of laying hens. Ctr, control group. Low mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.24 mg; DON+3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 1.25 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed. High mix, T-2+HT-2 toxin: 0.46 mg; DON+/3-AcDON+15-AcDON: 3.65 mg; FB1: 40.3 mg/kg feed. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatment groups at the same time. Capital letters indicate significant differences between times for the same treatment. T = treatment effect. H = time effect. T × H = treatment × time effect.
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