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Review
. 2024 Apr 16;98(4):e0030824.
doi: 10.1128/jvi.00308-24. Epub 2024 Mar 18.

Capsid-dependent lentiviral restrictions

Joy Twentyman  1 , Michael Emerman  1 , Molly Ohainle  2
Affiliations
Review

Capsid-dependent lentiviral restrictions

Joy Twentyman et al. J Virol. .

Abstract

Host antiviral proteins inhibit primate lentiviruses and other retroviruses by targeting many features of the viral life cycle. The lentiviral capsid protein and the assembled viral core are known to be inhibited through multiple, directly acting antiviral proteins. Several phenotypes, including those known as Lv1 through Lv5, have been described as cell type-specific blocks to infection against some but not all primate lentiviruses. Here we review important features of known capsid-targeting blocks to infection together with several blocks to infection for which the genes responsible for the inhibition still remain to be identified. We outline the features of these blocks as well as how current methodologies are now well suited to find these antiviral genes and solve these long-standing mysteries in the HIV and retrovirology fields.

Keywords: capsid; human immunodeficiency virus; lentiviruses; restriction factor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Lentiviral restrictions targeting capsid. (a) Lv1/Ref1/TRIM5α: HIV entering through either HIV envelope or the VSV-G envelope is restricted in Old World monkey cells by TRIM5α. A similar block is mediated by TRIM-CypA for CypA-binding lentiviruses and by TRIM34 for some HIV capsid mutants and primate lentiviral capsids. MxB inhibits at or before nuclear import. (b) Lv2: HIV-2 viruses entering through specific HIV envelopes are restricted in some human cells at a step before completion of reverse transcription. (c) Lv3: the Lv3 block inhibits HIV-1 viruses that enter via a non-human co-receptor at a step after reverse transcription in a rhesus macaque tumor cell line. (d) Lv4: Old World monkey (SIVMAC and SIVSMM) and HIV-2 capsids are inhibited in human immune cells by a block that restricts infection after reverse transcription. Adapted from Janet Iwasa (26), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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