Background: The primary barrier to curing HIV infection is the pool of intact HIV proviruses integrated into host cell DNA throughout the bodies of people living with HIV (PLHIV), called the HIV reservoir. Reservoir size is impacted by the duration of HIV infection, delay in starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), and breakthrough viremia during ART. The leading infectious cause of death worldwide for PLHIV is TB, but we don't know how TB impacts the HIV reservoir.

Methods: We designed a case-control study to compare HIV provirus-containing CD4 in PLHIV with vs. without a history of active TB disease. Study participants in the pilot and confirmatory cohort were enrolled at GHESKIO Centers in Port au Prince, Haiti. Intact and non-intact proviral DNA were quantified using droplet digital PCR of PBMC-derived CD4 cells. For a subset, Th1 and Th2 cytokines were assayed in plasma. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare medians with tobit regression for censoring.

Results: In the pilot cohort, we found that PLHIV with history of active pulmonary TB (n=20) had higher intact provirus than PLHIV without history of active TB (n=47) (794 vs 117 copies per million CD4, respectively; p<0.0001). In the confirmatory cohort, the quantity of intact provirus was higher in the TB group (n=13) compared with the non-TB group (n=18) (median 102 vs. 0 intact provirus per million CD4, respectively p=0.03). Additionally, we found that the frequencies of CD4+ T cells with any detectable proviral fragment was directly proportional to the levels of IL1B (p= 0.0025) and IL2 (p=0.0002).

Conclusions: This is the first assessment of HIV provirus using IPDA in a clinical cohort from a resource limited setting, and the finding of larger reservoir in PLHIV with history of TB has significant implications for our understanding of TB-HIV coinfection and HIV cure efforts in TB-endemic settings.