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Review
. 2024 Feb 4;12(2):332.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12020332.

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature

Siqi Liu  1 , Mengli Zhong  1 , Hao Wu  1 , Weiwei Su  1   2 , Yonggang Wang  1 , Peibo Li  1
Affiliations
Review

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature

Siqi Liu et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a severe epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies have found that patients do not completely recover from acute infections, but instead, suffer from a variety of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID. The effects of long COVID can be far-reaching, with a duration of up to six months and a range of symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiota dysbiosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, myocarditis, pulmonary fibrosis, cough, diabetes, pain, reproductive dysfunction, and thrombus formation. However, recent studies have shown that naringenin and naringin have palliative effects on various COVID-19 sequelae. Flavonoids such as naringin and naringenin, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have various positive effects, including reducing inflammation, preventing viral infections, and providing antioxidants. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of naringin and naringenin on treating the above diseases. It proposes them as potential drugs for the treatment of long COVID, and it can be inferred that naringin and naringenin exhibit potential as extended long COVID medications, in the future likely serving as nutraceuticals or clinical supplements for the comprehensive alleviation of the various manifestations of COVID-19 complications.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; beneficial effects; long COVID; naringenin; naringin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Long COVID symptoms.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structures of flavanone, naringenin, and its derivatives. The 2D structure images were obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Summary of long COVID symptom pathogenesis (left) and potential therapeutic mechanisms (right). Upward arrows (↑) in the colored panels of the table indicate increases and downward arrows (↓) indicate decreases. Leftward arrows (←) between the panels indicate the palliative and therapeutic effects of naringin on long COVID symptoms.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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