Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

doi:10.3390/life14020190

Review

. 2024 Jan 28;14(2):190.

doi: 10.3390/life14020190.

Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

Amin N Olaimat¹, Asma' O Taybeh², Anas Al-Nabulsi², Murad Al-Holy¹, Ma'mon M Hatmal³, Jihad Alzyoud⁴, Iman Aolymat⁴, Mahmoud H Abughoush^{1

5}, Hafiz Shahbaz⁶, Anas Alzyoud⁷, Tareq Osaili^{2

8}, Mutamed Ayyash⁹, Kevin M Coombs¹⁰, Richard Holley¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
² Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁴ Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁵ Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁸ Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
⁹ Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
¹¹ Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

PMID: 38398699
PMCID: PMC10890126
DOI: 10.3390/life14020190

Review

Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

Amin N Olaimat et al. Life (Basel). 2024.

. 2024 Jan 28;14(2):190.

doi: 10.3390/life14020190.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
² Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁴ Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁵ Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
⁸ Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
⁹ Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
¹¹ Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

PMID: 38398699
PMCID: PMC10890126
DOI: 10.3390/life14020190

Abstract

Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.

Keywords: acute viral gastroenteritis; adenovirus; astrovirus; enteric viruses; food safety; foodborne infections; hepatitis; norovirus; rotavirus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Percentages of viral outbreaks, illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths reported in the US during 1970–2020 (data extracted from CDC, 2022) [228].

**Figure 2**
The monthly pattern of viral outbreaks reported in the US during 1970–2020 (data extracted from National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) dashboard [228].

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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1. USFDA What You Need to Know about Foodborne Illnesses. [(accessed on 28 December 2022)]; Available online: https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/what-you-need-know-about-foodborne-il....
1. Upfold N.S., Luke G.A., Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Envron. Virol. 2021;13:1–31. doi: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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[1] WHO . WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2015.

[2] WHO . WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2015.

[3] Scallan E., Hoekstra R.M., Angulo F.J., Tauxe R.V., Widdowson M.-A., Roy S.L., Jones J.L., Griffin P.M. Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011;17:7–15. doi: 10.3201/eid1701.P11101. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Scallan E., Hoekstra R.M., Angulo F.J., Tauxe R.V., Widdowson M.-A., Roy S.L., Jones J.L., Griffin P.M. Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011;17:7–15. doi: 10.3201/eid1701.P11101. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] USFDA What You Need to Know about Foodborne Illnesses. [(accessed on 28 December 2022)]; Available online: https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/what-you-need-know-about-foodborne-il....

[6] USFDA What You Need to Know about Foodborne Illnesses. [(accessed on 28 December 2022)]; Available online: https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/what-you-need-know-about-foodborne-il....

[7] Upfold N.S., Luke G.A., Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Envron. Virol. 2021;13:1–31. doi: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Upfold N.S., Luke G.A., Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Envron. Virol. 2021;13:1–31. doi: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] CDC Burden of Foodborne Illness: Findings|Estimates of Foodborne Illness|CDC. [(accessed on 10 April 2023)];2018 Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html.

[10] CDC Burden of Foodborne Illness: Findings|Estimates of Foodborne Illness|CDC. [(accessed on 10 April 2023)];2018 Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html.

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Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

Affiliations

Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Abstract

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